Macbeth and Disturbed Character

Explore the ways in which Shakespeare and Robert browning present a disturbed character in literacy heritage texts. Robert browning and Shakespeare both use very strong techniques when presenting their characters in the heritage texts â€Å"Macbeth† and â€Å"the laboratory† In this essay I will be exploring the ways in which Browning and Shakespeare both portray disturbed characters. Disturbed characters meaning out of the ordinary, Browning and shakes spear present their characters without following stereotypes. This gives the audience the impression that the characters are disturbed.The play â€Å"Macbeth† features many themes ambition, jealousy, strength but the main theme in this play would be feminism. Macbeth is a play written around the ambition of a woman named â€Å"Lady Macbeth† she and her husband contact spirits who tell her she shall be queen. Lady Macbeth acts very quickly on this fantasy, and swiftly contacts the spirits to change her into a more masculine figure. Shakes spear uses very strong language to show this transformation, he presents Lady Macbeth as a very strong, ambitious character in the first half of the play.We can see evidence of this when he writes â€Å"take my milk for gall†. In the play lady Macbeth changes everything she believes in and breaks every stereotype in historical context about women in order to commit the murder of Duncan. This is ironic because later in the play lady Macbeth has achieved the status she wants as queen, but does not have control of herself; evidence of this is in act 5 scene 1 when Shakespeare writes â€Å"when was the last time she walked† â€Å"her eyes are open†¦But their sense is shut† this tells us she sleep walks and does not have control over her body physically, furthermore lady Macbeth does not have control over her mental state either evidence of this is when Shakespeare writes â€Å"look, how she rubs her hands† this suggest the doctor cannot see the blood on her hands. Further evidence of this is â€Å"there’s knocking on the gate† this tells us Lady Macbeth is hearing things in her head and is conscious of people finding out what she has done.The poem â€Å"the laboratory† is much like Macbeth with themes of jealousy, ambition, strength, respect and the main theme of feminism. â€Å"The laboratory† is a poem written in the 1800’s about a woman names Marie who seeks revenge on her cheating husband and the other women involved â€Å"Pauline†, she plans to poison Pauline. Browning presents Marie as a very ambitious character throughout the entire poem, we know she is ambitious because Browning writes â€Å"pound at thy powder† and â€Å"to carry pure death in an earring† he uses very fragmented, violent speech for Marie, making her seem like a very strong, ambitious character.The play was written in the 1800’s and is themed around historical con text, this makes the poem ironic because women were expected to have a lot of respect for each other and work together because they all had equally no rights. This is ironic because Pauline shows no respect for Marie’s marriage in the first place, but then Marie carries this on by showing no sympathy or respect for Pauline and takes her life. Shake spear and browning both use strong language techniques to portray disturbed characters in there texts.Both use fragmented speak and repeating key phases, there are many examples of this in Macbeth act 5 scene 1 when Shakespeare writes â€Å"come ,come, come† and â€Å"to bed, to bed†. In this scene lady Macbeth also talks in a very quick and short manner this gives the impression that her mind is very jumbled furthermore this could imply she has a lot to say but not enough time to say it all. This then portrays her as a disturbed character. In â€Å"the laboratory† browning uses repetition to portray Marie as d isturbed character. Examples are â€Å"her head, her breast and her arms†. Browning also uses very dark and devilish speech in his poem.Examples of this are â€Å"devils smithy† â€Å"empty church† â€Å"pure death in an earring† using language like this at the start of the poem gives the entire poem a devilish feel, it could also symbolise what Marie is thinking, she only thinks evil things ;this then portraying her as a disturbed character. This language makes the audience aware that the poem is full of sinister and evil things. Macbeth and the laboratory have very similar themes. They are very much the same in the terms feminism and use of context. Both women in the texts going against ordinary acts of women in that period, this making them disturbed.Furthermore both women are also fighting for power, lady Macbeth is fighting to achieve her status as queen where as Marie is fighting for power in her marriage, this also makes them similar because they b oth end up in a broken relationship in the end. Both texts are set in similar settings the laboratory is set in a dark â€Å"devils† workshop and Macbeth is set in a dark room on a dark night, this giving the audience a very dark and sinister feeling about the texts. Lady Macbeth and Marie are very different in the way of the emotions and feeling.Firstly in â€Å"Macbeth† lady Macbeth tell the audience her thoughts and feelings making her seem open and feminine even though she had asked the spirits to â€Å"unsex† herself. Whereas Marie did not show any true feminine emotions. Marie does not feel guilt and says towards the end of the poem â€Å"next moment I dance at the kings† and â€Å"brush this dust off me† this shows that she does not feel guilt and has no regrets in her doings. However half of Macbeth features lady Macbeth after she has killed and she feels deep remorse, there is evidence of this when she says â€Å"the thane of fife had a w ife, where is she now?†.As the audience we also see more implicit evidence of this when lady Macbeth says â€Å"yet here’s a spot† this presenting lady Macbeth as disturbed because she has gone insane from the guilt. I think both pieces of text were influenced very strongly through the writer’s present context; this is why both of the characters are portrayed as disturbed in the text. They are portrayed as disturbed because women were generally meant to be meek and mild, but Shakespeare’s and Browning’s presentation of their characters go completely against the contexts and the expectations of women at the time.In conclusion I think lady Macbeth and Marie are both very disturbed characters, but I believe Marie is a more disturbed character because she does not feel guilt or remorse towards the end of the poem. â€Å"The laboratory† also features a lot more sinister text and the writing style is a lot shorter and quick making Marie seam more disturbed. More evidence to make Marie seem disturbed would be because Marie does not require help from the spirits to make her more masculine. She does it all in her own head and does not require help from anyone else is the poem, she does not show any true feminine emotions or feeling in the poem.

Internal Sanctions

One of John Stewart Mill’s focuses in his book Utilitarianism, is that utilitarianism has all the sanctions of other moral systems. Events or excuses that people accept as permission to continue with a choice. These sanctions derive from a wide spectrum of different approvals, usually built upon moral preference. Mill is able to categorize every human license into exist internal and external sanctions, and believes that it is possible to change your moral selection.External sanctions exist outside of the individual, independent of his mind. They may take the form of peer pressure, the fear of disapproval, or the fear of god. Internal sanctions stem from one’s conscience. These consist of feelings like discomfort or joy when one realizes the consequences of a decision. These feelings can influence actions, especially if one’s moral nature is particularly sophisticated. Internal sanctions often prove to be more powerful than any external sanctions because they do r equire more emotional attention.Because these forces are often based on individual morals and duty, there is no reason that they can’t be changed to support utilitarian principles. Some philosophers suggest that individuals are more likely to follow moral principles if the see them as object fact, rather than subjective feelings. Mill observes that regardless of what a person believes the root of a moral principle to be, his ultimate motivation is always subjective feeling. Mill focuses on if the feeling of duty is â€Å"innate or implanted,† mostly because this area is so confusing.To try and understand how both of these sanctions would affect choice, it could be explained as follows: If a religious leader, government professional or respected philosopher was to suggest to society that all our current morals were wrong and it was the purpose of humans to promote suffering among men, would society be able to change? People must be capable of internalizing this extraneo us command, and convince their conscience that it is morally acceptable. But could a person force his mind to accept such a drastic and dramatic change?Mill would way that is most definitely possible, especially for this example. People could easily be educated and socialized and develop the internal sanctions to promote suffering, but they would be artificial feelings. Since these emotions are not particularly a part of human nature or experience, the society would end up reacting more on external sanctions, with internal reactions. Sanctions are something we constantly unconsciously use to make decisions. Whether it is outside or inside forces that compel us to make a decision, our morals are the mold.

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology Lession3 and Part 2 - Essay Example In the former, the response is a reflex, whereas in the latter, the response is nothing but a neutral piece of behaviour which has occurred previously. In operant conditioning, the event between the response and the reinforcement is unforeseen, whereas in classical conditioning, there is no such event. No environmental consequences are seen with classical conditioning unlike in operant conditioning. Also, the response in classical conditioning is involuntary and that in operant conditioning is voluntary. Example of classical conditioning: A cologne may result in intense emotion, but this is not due to the smell of the cologne but because the smell was previously associated with that particular emotion. 1. Recall: In this type of memory retrieval the information will be accessed without being cued with any memory part. A good example of this type of memory retrieval is answering fill-up-the-blank questions. 2. Recollection: In this memory retrieval reconstruction of memory occurs with the utilization of certain logical structures, partial memories and narratives. A good example of recollection type of memory retrieval is answering an essay question in exam. 3. Recognition: Identification of information after re-experiencing is known as recognition. A good example of this type of retrieval is answering a multiple choice question where you recognize the answer after seeing it in one of the choices. 4. Relearning: In this type, the information which is already learnt is relearnt, thus making it easier to remember the information and retrieve it more easily. This type of memory retrieval strengthens the memory. Disruption of memory retrieval can be explained by decay theory. According to this theory, traces of memory begin to fade and gradually disappear over a period of time. Hence if information is not retrieved and rehearsed at regular intervals it can get

Case analysis on Terri Schiavo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case analysis on Terri Schiavo - Essay Example After a few weeks, she was taken off life support and allowed to breathe on her own. Terri's husband and appointed guardian, Michael, put her into therapy at a Florida nursing facility, then filed and won a medical malpractice suit against her primary care physician and gynecologist in 1992. He had her removed from life support, put into a hospice, and then tried to move on with his life. The main argument of the case on ethics happened between Terri's husband and her parents. They believed that she could potentially thrive with additional therapy, but her husband decided it was time to let her go. The case was highly-publicized and taxpayer-funded. Mrs. Schiavo, doctors agreed, for all intents and purposes, was clinically â€Å"brain dead.† Her case changed the laws on America's spin on handling the final hours of the legally brain dead, even when their hearts are still pumping. I would have sided with the parties who knew that her life ended on the day she was pronounced bra in dead. The infamous and late Dr. Jack Kevorkian would have agreed. Dr. Daniel Eisenberg, an expert on Jewish medical ethics, currently employed by the Department of Radiology at the Albert Einstein Medical Center in Philadelphia, PA, would not have agreed.

Women Roles Throughout History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women Roles Throughout History - Research Paper Example It is here that historians and scientists first encounter the role of women in society. In addition to Biblical teachings, the roles of women have evolved differently all over the world from Europe to Middle East, Africa to South Asia and America to Australia (Brown and McBride (2005). The differences in roles are mainly attributed to different cultural and religious beliefs that determine the role of women in society. For example, the role of Muslim women living in Middle East may be quite dissimilar from those of women in European countries dominated by Christians. The same applies to South Asia and Africa. This implies that culture and religion is a major determinant of the women’s position in society. Despite the differences, it is also true that certain roles are the same irrespective of the geographical region. For instance, at the beginning, in the backward society, women dominated the society and family due to the important roles they played. This is due to the fact that finding food like vegetables and fruits which were the major food during this period was left for women. In most cases, women were inferior to their men and were denied several rights in male dominated societies according to Brown and McBride (2005). ... The paper will also explore how the lives, roles and status of women in the society has changed and varied over different cultural areas and early world history eras. Throughout history books and the Bible, several events are documented pertaining to the different roles played by women in the society that has helped transform the society. In the Bible, for example, Esther is depicted as playing her role as Queen, and helped save the Hebrews at the verge of being exterminated. It can, therefore, be argued that the Jewish community could not have been in existence were it that Esther could not have played this important role. In Europe, the role of women throughout history has been centered on equality and injustice. Nevertheless, one thing that is acknowledged among historians is that the role of women has changed greatly in Europe since prehistory to the end of 1500. It is reported that, during the Middle Ages that lasted from 5th century to about the fifteenth century, women played an important role in helping family produce enough food supplies. As such, they participated in planting, wedding and harvesting, as well as storing the food harvested from the farms. In addition, female gender, wives and daughters were also responsible for cooking meals for the family; attend to home chores such as maintaining general cleanliness of the house and home compound. They were also responsible for rising of children (Bardsley, 2007). It is also reported that women during the middle ages in Europe were supposed to be submissive to their male counterparts in the family. In this regard, they were expected not only to obey their father, and other family members such as brothers. As such, any woman who is rule was to be forced into submission and disrespect was perceived as a

2 discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 discussion questions - Essay Example The business may also have seasonal nature. Liquidity ratios: Company A is more appealing to a potential lender – its current ratio is about the industry average while Company B’s is way less. Moreover, A’s quick ratio exceeds average (which, though, may be a sign of not very efficient cash and cash securities management). Efficiency ratios: for the industry in general average collection period decreased by 2 days in 2002, and inventory turnover increased. Turnover growth rate for both A and B was positive but less than industry average. Additionally, average collection period went up. Collection discipline and overall asset management should be examined closely. Profitability ratios: Company B has an advantage vs. A in all three categories, though both companies and the industry overall show positive growth. Using Du-Pont system (see graphs on the next page), one can see that both companies have lower than average asset turnover but B compensate for it with high operating profit margin and achieves high ROA. By dividing the book value of UPS ($16.884bln) by the number of shares (1.07bln as indicated at Yahoo Finance resource) we get book value per share of $15.78. Market value per share as of 3rd January 2007 is $74.97. For FDX, book and market value per share equal to $37.48 ($11.511bln / 307.12M ) and $109.77. UPS market value can be calculated as $74.97 per share x 1.07bln shares = $80.218 bln and its market value added is $80.218bln - $16.884bln = $63.334bln. FDX market value: $109.77 per share x 307.12M shares = $33.712 bln and market value added equals to $33.712 bln - $11.511bln = $22.210bln. A difference between book value and market value of a company exists because investing into a company is not equivalent to buying its building or production lines; it is investment into the way company’s assets are utilized,

Performance Measurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Measurement - Research Paper Example Jack Cohen, pioneer of Tesco, set up the organization in 1919 when he started to sell extra household items in the eastern parts of London. The name Tesco was first came on the horizon in 1924 while its first store was established in 1929. After thirteen years, Tesco turned out to be a limited company in 1932. Cohen struggled very hard to establish and expand its business. By 1939, he succeeded in establishing more than 100 Tesco stores all over the United Kingdom (Tesco Stores Limited). Tesco had a steady pace till 1980 whereby it gradually declined, however, in 90s, the company took a fresh stance and set a goal to become the Europe’s top food outlet (Tesco, 2009). For this particular rationale it chose to widen its areas of operations all over the European countries even ventured into Asian emerging markets especially in Gulf and Central Asian States. In UK, It rapidly expanded its network from 500 to 2500 grocery stores. In early 90s the entry of Tesco in Ireland was so ag gressive that it purchased all the retail stores of Quinnworth, Stewart, and Crazy Prices. Today almost more than 8000 brands are being offered to the customers at all major stores across the globe. The brands include electronic items, fuel, cloth, books, furniture, household daily routine items, Internet services, DVDs, CDs, and many other brands. Tesco plc presently engages more than 500,000 individuals who belong to fourteen different countries (Hawkes, 2012). In 2009, Tesco’s income surpassed ?1 billion each week and it continued for the whole year (Microsoft, 2010). Presently its share cost is 427. 55p and is far more than its top rivals having a share price of 332. 40p (Tesco, 2009). In London stock market, the Tesco function with logo TSCO where it is also part of FTSE 100 Index with revenue of ?64.539 billion and the net income of ?2.806 billion. The Balanced Scorecard is strategy performance management tool. It has been observed that most companies fail to execute th e strategy and to translate it at the lower level. The major cause of this failure is the complex strategy which the employees unable to understand at mass level. Sometimes only that person understands and knows the pros and cons of the strategy that have written or formulated it but even then there are cases that even formulator has no good idea to execute the strategy successfully. With the application of Balanced Scorecard the strategy approaches become more structured. It explains how one should make a systematic strategy for his or her organization, what perspective should be taken account, and consequently this approach gives exciting results. Most famous 1000 index companies have implemented Balanced Scorecard in their organizations. The foremost necessity of a balanced scorecard is that it helps the companies to understand the strategy, and supports to measure and improve their performances. Further routine jobs and everyday problems have no links with strategic objectives. These jobs, tasks, and problems are resolved and executed by the company but they don’t contribute to the major goals. The concept of Balanced Scorecard is different. It brings the top managers, CEOs, and investors to explain their strategies and goals. It links those goals to low level initiatives and line-level employees. It enables the

MYOB-analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MYOB-analysis - Essay Example The past three years’ accounts should be provided as a minimum, to enable a full financial assessment that reveals trading patterns and trends in the areas of liquidity, profitability, the speed of debtor and creditor payments, sales and their associated costs, as well as expenses and owner’s drawings. Information providing the reasons for the proposed expansion of the business and why a partnership approach has been chosen, rather than, say, a bank or other loan. The proposal as it stands seems to allow Chris Wren to take advantage of the increased capital base provided by a partner’s investment, without giving them any say in how the business is run or allowing them to get involved. He wants more supporting funds, and he wants to continue running the business as he has been doing for the past few years, which may not be the best way to do it. If the new partner is not to undertake any work, who will be doing the extra work that an expansion should be aiming to acquire? There are no projections for increases in sales or the associated increased cost of sales and supporting expenses. There is no business plan at all and a basic plan should be in place at the moment to provide an objective for the business to achieve. If there is no plan, then what precisely is the investment needed for? What’s in it for the potential investor, specifically? What sort of profit levels will be generated by the expanded business and what rate of return does this represent? How does this compare with other businesses in the same sector, or a basic bank savings account or perhaps a managed stock market investment plan? Why is this a good idea for the investor? Important information that cannot be provided in numbers is missing, such as the business reputation and skill and experience of staff. Non-financial information, such as firm location, supplier and customer relationships and business

Environmental Protection Essay Example for Free

Environmental Protection Essay Environmental protection is an increasingly pressing issue all over the world. Ozone depletion, green house effect, global climate changes or global warming, etc, are the main issues in environment. Recent years, many countries and various organizations have paid more attention into environmental protection. A treaty about global environmental protection was discussed by 192 nations in Copenhagen in December 2011. But I fell every individual on this earth should make sacrifices to prevent environment changes. Yes it is the need of the hour. We should protect the world for the future generations. Why? It is because of mans greed he has the once beahtiful earth into a rubbish of Earth. He has increased his numbers to terrible proportions, has caused the death of hundreds of species of animals, has robbed and destroyed the planet in his search for fuels; now he stands, like a violent, spoilt child, delighted at the speed of his rise to power, It is he who is on the edge of the final mass destruction and of killing all the life which exists in the solar system. The Earth is our home but much of it is dirty and dying. Rapid industrial development caused a lot of ecological problems. They are: air pollution, water pollution, growth of population and shortage of mineral resources. Air becomes polluted with Cars, trucks, buses, airplanes, factories and plants send burnt gases into the air. The production of electricity causes not only air pollution but acid rains and global warming. Because of acid rains the Earth losses twenty million acres of tropical rainforests every year. This means the extinction of thousands of species that live there, for example tigers. Only 67 thousand tigers remain. Tigers are hunted and killed for their body parts. Ozone layer is destroyed too and the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere causing skin cancer and other diseases. Most of the air pollutants directly affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems Nitrogen dioxide and ozone also effect the respiratory system, irritate the eyes, nose and throat and headaches. Carbon monoxide is able to displace oxygen in the blood which in turn can result in cardiovascular and neurological effects. Lead affects bone narrow, impairs liver and kidney function, causes neurological damage and also causes mental retardation in children. Oceans are vital for the life on Earth. We need to protect it. They provide homes for millions of plants and animals, provide people with food and help regulate the climate. But now they are a big dumping ground for tons of toxic waste. Most big cities pour their waste into seas and rivers. Water pollution is due to mixture of dirt, sewage and industrial waste , increased use of fertilizers and insecticides that seep through the earth and pollute the ground water As a result, there are numerous health problems like dysentery, cholera and paratyphoid fever. Noise pollution is yet another problem that the researchers say causes ulcers, abortions, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension besides several mental disorders. Checking of environmental pollution has been absolutely necessary. if it is not checked, the earth will become a graveyard. So we must give due attention to protect it from our own abuses. We must have balanced and planned industrial growth in order to check thin pollution. Towns and cities should be planned very carefully and stress should be given on planting of more trees. I would like to dwell on practical measures which must be taken in order to improve the ecological situation: -the factories must be removed from cities; -have balanced and planned industrial growth -purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances must be widely used; -green zones must be created by planting more trees. -almost everything is recyclable today recycling is a great way to reduce waste. We need clean air to breathe and pure water to drink. So we have to prevent disposal of toxic waste and nuclear tests. I feel formal education programmed should be provided and implemented for the environ ­mental protection We need to conserve resources like water by planting rain water harvest in our houses Earth is the only planet endowed with a beautiful environment for man to live We should pass it on to our future generation as their legacy. Protect our earth today for our children tomorrow.

The Rake and the Coquet in Restoration Literature Essay Example for Free

The Rake and the Coquet in Restoration Literature Essay Going by definitions alone, a rake is merely a disreputable character, and ought to serve nothing other than a villain in literary endeavor. But when we come to consider the ‘Restoration rake’ we encounter complexity and richness, which needs further analyze. The same must be said of the Restoration coquet. To call such figures anti-heroes would be too simplistic. A more complete account would be to depict the Restoration rake, as well as the coquet, as instruments of reaction against the excesses of Puritanism. In this sense it is not pure evil that is projected, rather we should see such depictions as reflecting the quest for individual liberty and control. At the time the evolution of European society was in the direction of increasing individualism, a trend which was reflected in literature. In many respects literature itself was agent in the evolution. The literary rake and coquet figures were, from this point of view, instrumental in defining and furthering individualism. According to Johnson, a rake is â€Å"loose disorderedly vicious, wild, gay, thoughtless fellow; a man addicted to pleasure†. This description seems hardly strong enough to describe the sort of rake that trod the planks of Restoration theatre. Generally the entire cast was rakish to an extent, in a play like The Country Wife by William Wycherley. But the prize rake in this play is Harry Horner, whose one aim in life is to make cuckolds of as many upper class husbands as possible. He first spreads a rumor that he is impotent, which makes his task much easier, and he is then shown womanizing with abandon. But this is my no means a one dimensional figure of evil and lustful designs, as we would expect from a villain character. As Harold Weber points out, â€Å"the rake is too complex and enigmatic a figure to be reduced to a sexual machine: his love of disguise, need for freedom, and fondness for play all establish the complexity of the rakish personality† (3). To understand rationale behind such a depiction we must consider the backdrop to the Restoration age. Restoration meant the overcoming of Puritanism, which may be described as overzealous Protestantism. It may also be described as individualism in its religious guise, for the Puritan’s one goal is personal communion with God. Puritans zeal proscribed all display of sensuality, and under Cromwell’s Protectorate all forms of theatre were banned, and the general tenor of life was suffocatingly austere. The Restoration meant that all these trends would be reversed, and the task was made all the easier because the new king Charles II was a consummate rake in his own right. He was a womanizer and a hedonist, and he gathered in his court like-minded wits, who practiced the letters with his libertine philosophy in mind. An avid theatre goer, he patronized and shaped the new theatre much to his own taste, encouraging the likes of Wycherley. From this perspective the theatrical rake is far more than just a villain, and we recognize in him a violent reaction against Puritanism. He is projecting the ideal of worldly individualism as against the religious type. Indeed we should be able to detect a fervor akin to religion in the vigor and enthusiasm of Horner’s sensual ways. In this regard Weber says, â€Å"[T]he rake represents the initial attempts of English culture to transfer control of sexuality from the divine to the secular world† (Weber 10). Alexander Pope gives us the typical coquette in his mock epic poem The Rape of the Lock. The poem depicts the decadence of the Georgian upper classes, where vanity and affectation have become rampant. Johnson describes a coquette as one whose â€Å"appearance is fundamental†, and who is playfully adventurous in her sexual exploits. Belinda has four guardian angels protecting her chastity, which is in truth her vanity, for her one goal is to marry into fortune. When an admirer snips a lock of her hair, it is taken as violation of the highest order, because it is her appearance that has been violated. She tells the offender: â€Å"Oh, hadst thou, cruel! been content to seize / Hairs less in sight, or any hairs but these!† (Pope 49). The ‘hairs less in sight’ are suggesting pubic hairs. The gist is therefore that sexual violation, and therefore loss of virginity, is of less consequence then spoiling her appearance. Even though Pope is critical of Belinda’s vanity, it is conveyed in a lighthearted and playful manner, and so retains echoes of Restoration drama. In this mood, both the rake and the coquet are representative of individualism and freedom, rather than of vice. In conclusion, the rake and the coquette, as depicted in Restoration drama and Augustan literature, are not true villains, but have a sympathetic aspect. The must be seen as reactions against Puritan zeal, and therefore as projecting worldly individualism. Works Cited Johnson, Samuel. Johnsons Dictionary: A Modern Selection. London: Gollancz, 1963. Pope, Alexander. Selected Poetry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998. Weber, Harold. The Restoration Rake-Hero: Transformations in Sexual Understanding in Seventeeth-Century England. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. Wycherley, William. The Country Wife and Other Plays. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Research Methods in Psychology

Research Methods in Psychology METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY: Research in psychology is conducted in broad accord with the standards of the scientific method, including both qualitative and quantitative statistical modalities to generate and evaluate explanatory hypotheses with regard to psychological phenomena. These methods vary by the sources of information that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect qualitative data, quantitative data or both. American Psychological Association has laid down the following rules and regulations for researches: Informed consent (tell them what this research is about). There should be no harm to the subject. After the research, you must tell the subject about the deception. Types Of Research Methods: Quantitative research Quantitative research is generally associated with the positivist / post positivist epitome. Usually it is to gather and transform the data into digital form so that statistical calculations can be made and conclusions can be drawn. Qualitative research Qualitative research is the method usually associated with the social constructivist epitome that emphasizes the socially constructed nature of reality. This is about recording, analyzing and trying to discover the meaning and importance of human behavior and experience, including conflicting beliefs, behaviors and deepest emotions. Researchers are interested in obtaining a rich and complex understanding of the experience of people and not in gaining information that can be generalized to larger groups. Requirement of Methodology: All methods used for researches should have the basic three qualities, which are: They have to be standardize (it must have a certain norm). They have to be valid (a test should measure what it’s supposed to measure). They have to be reliable. The following are the different types of research methodologies: Case History Method Experimental Research Correlational Research Survey Method Naturalistic Observation CASE HISTORY METHOD: A case study (or case report) is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory analysis of a person, group or event. An explanatory case study is used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.Case study is also called life history/Clinical method. Case study is a detailed investigation of a person’s certain or particular behavior. Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case study is a descriptive method and it consumes a lot of time. In this method, we are going to question subject, family, relatives, teachers and friends. Typically data is gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations interviews). The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history). The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants. In Case history, we use the following techniques: Day-Book method (day to day development of a child). In this we will question to child’s pediatrician. Biographical Method. Clinical Method (preventing, diagnosing and treating an individual) Social therapy worker, psychologist and physician are collectively going to make a detailed report about the subject. After that they will conclude if the subject needs psycho-therapy or not. Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best known were the ones carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses. Freuds most famous case studies include Little Hans (1909a) and The Rat Man (1909b). Even today case histories are one of the main methods of investigation in abnormal psychology and psychiatry. For students of these disciplines they can give a vivid insight into what those who suffer from mental illness often have to endure. SURVEY METHOD: The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Surveys can be useful when a researcher wants to collect data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed. A survey is a data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or it might aim to collect the opinions of the survey takers. Survey method is a general evaluation and inspection carried out with specific aim in mind to search for particular kind of information. When you have shortage of time, then you go with survey methodology. First we identify the problem on which we want to carry out a research. Then we make a hypothesis on which our whole research would depend on. Then the questionnaire is made. The questions should be simple and clear, so that the subjects would not have any difficulty to understand the questions. Researchers have to ensure that all the questions are valid and relate to the research topic. After that, you sample the population and analyze the results and then conclusions are made according to the results. So following are the steps in survey method: Identify the problem. Determine what you want to study. Sampling the population. Define the population to be studied. Design the questionnaire. Select a representative sample. Administer the survey. Analyze, conclude and discuss the results. PERSPECTIVES: Psychology is a discipline that asks and answers the fundamental question, why do we behave the way we do and think the way we think? The best way to characterize the different approaches that are taken to answer the question of psychology is to identify them as major perspectives. The major perspectives represent fundamental assumptions that underlie the research questions and methods that are used in order to answer the questions of psychology. Most all perspectives define psychology as the discipline interested in studying human behavior and mental processes, but that covers a lot of ground and the causes of behavior and mental processes are not always clear.So there are six major perspectives to explain a human behavior. 1. Biological perspective: 2. Psychoanalytic perspective: 3. Behavioral Perspective: 4. Humanistic Perspective: This perspective emphasizes on the role of motivation on thought and behavior. Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness and well-being as humans. We have the innate (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people. Because of this focus on the person and his or her personal experiences and subjective perception of the world the humanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior. Humanistic perspective believes that if are determined to change anything you can. Decision making is in your own hand. So this perspective believes in human capacity and positive side of his behavior. 5. Cognitive Perspective: 6. Social cultural Perspective: SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS: When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The modern history of psychology starts from the school of thoughts. The following are the six major schools of thoughts. 1. Structuralism: 2. Functionalism: 3. Gestalt Psychology: It’s a German school of thought developed by Max Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. The word ‘Gestalt’ meaning is ‘form, shape or unified whole’. Gestalt psychology is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients. This school leads to the development of theory of perception. For instance when you perceive something, you perceive as a whole rather than parts of something. 4. Psychodynamic Model: 5. Humanistic Model: Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were largely centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. This school of thought was developed by Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology is basically a positive psychology, which emphasizes on the positive side of your behavior. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives. Humanist psychologists teach that to understand psychology, we must look at individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs exemplifies this approach: a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, determines a persons behavior to various extents. Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self-satisfaction and solves psychological problems. 6. Behaviorism: 7. Cognitive Model: Objective: Fill in the blanks: Meaning of word ‘Gestalt’ is: __________(form, shape or unified whole) ____________ is a German school of thought.(Gestalt psychology) ____________ School of thought refers to positive psychology. (Humanistic) _______________ Perspective believes that ‘Decision Making’ is in your own hands. (Humanistic) ______________ School was developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism.(Humanistic) MCQ’s: Which of the following methods will we choose, if we have shortage of time: (Survey Method) Case History Survey Method Experimental Research Which school of thought leads to the development of theory of perception: (Gestalt psychology) Gestalt psychology Functionalism Structuralism Which of the following is a descriptive, non-experimental and less-time consuming method:(Survey Method) Naturalistic Observation Correlation Survey method In which research method, we question from the subject’s pediatrician, therapist, friends and family: (Case Study) Correlation Method Experimental method Case Study Method Who gave the pyramid of ‘hierarchy of need’?(Abraham Maslow) Max Wertheimer Kohler Sigmund Freud Abraham Maslow Match the columns: Unified whole (c)a. Theory of perception Decision Making (e)b. less time consuming Hierarchy of needs is given by (d)c. Gestalt Gestalt Psychology leads to (a)d. Abraham Maslow Survey Methodis (b)e. Humanistic perspective True/False: Gestalt psychology leads to theory of evolution.(False) Case study is a less time consuming research method.(False) Humanistic school was developed by Abraham Maslow.(True) Survey is an experimental method.(False) Humanistic perspective believes in positive psychology.(True)

The Discus Ring Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

The Discus Ring There is a place in my mind that none other is equal to. This place holds the dreams of so many; it grants the wishes of so few. Although hope can persevere through so many trials and tribulations, this place can crush hope in less than an instant. When there is the realization that hope has been mangled, that a person can be or has been defeated, this place may choose to reestablish that person's dignity and pride in the next instantor it may not. This place is the discus ring. Its occupants often call it "the ring". It is a small, square slab of concrete placed at the vertex of a precise angle. There is a white circle painted on the cement. Though it seems simple, this is the most complex piece of equipment and the biggest challenge in an athlete's life. Looking from an athlete's eyes, a person could see the world from the ring. Just spending time there could equally duplicate everything of importance that has ever been taught to them. Things like pride, disappointment, and responsibility to others as well as you are learned in this six by six-foot squa...

Migrant Workers in China Essay -- Chinese Migrant Workers

Chen Hong Xia is one of the 250 million migrants in China’s growing economy. These migrant workers are the people who support China’s whole economy, without them China will not be where it is now. Although they are crucial in China’s growth, migrant workers are treated with disrespect. Chen Hong Xia is one of the ‘luckier’ migrant workers. She was able to work her way out of poverty into a better future. There are many similarities between Chen Hong Xia and most migrants in China, but there are also many differences. These include their expectations, working environment, living environment and children. Like many of the migrant workers in China, Chen Hong Xia wanted a better future in the city and find a job with good working conditions and high wages. Chen Hong Xia comes from a small town in Shandong province, she grew up on a farm producing rice and corn. Although there were many job opportunities in Shan Dong province, all the jobs were agricultural jobs that offered low pay and required lots of physical activity. In the movie Last Train Home directed by Lixin Fan, Qin left Sichuan Province and went to Dong Guan city because she wanted more money and be able to pursue her dreams. Many of China’s younger generation of migrant workers are abandoning agricultural production and moving permanently to the city. (Zhou Jing, China’s New Generation Of Migrant Workers) They are refusing to work under hard conditions. Unlike the previous generation they never experienced the â€Å"bitterness of life†. In the past migrant workers were thankful to just have food, todayâ €™s migrants start being picky, expecting high salary, less physical jobs, basic benefits and better working conditions. (Michelle Loyalka, Chinese Labor, Cheap No More) Zhou Ji... .... 2014. Chang, Leslie T. "US Misses Full Truth On China Factory Workers." CNN.com. Cable News Network, 1 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Connor, Neil. "Beijing's 'Rat Tribe' Scurry From High Costs Underground." Yahoo.com. Yahoo.com, 21 Jan. 2014. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Fan, Lixin, dir. Last Train Home. EyeSteelFilm, 2009. Film. Gapper, John. "China's Migrant Workers Expect More." Ft.com. Financial Times, 7 Sept. 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Grindley, Sally. Spilled Water. New York: Bloomsbury, 2004. Print. Hays, Jeffery. "Migrant Workers in China." Factsanddetails.com. Factsanddetails.com, Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2014 Jing, Zhou. "China's New Generation of Migrant Workers." China.org.cn. China.org.cn, 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. Loyalka, Michelle D. "Chinese Labor, Cheap No More." Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 17 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2014.

Economic Changes of the Ju/’Hoansi

The Ju'/hoansi started as a food foraging society, a mode of subsistence involving some combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods. During the early days, these people would travel long distances within a restricted territory and make seasonal moves to tap into naturally available food sources. Men and women were both equally important in work as well as necessary for survival. Although the men were usually the hunters and women the gatherers, it was not out of character for both sexes to do both jobs. Women were able to share the food they collected with whomever they wanted.Men on the other hand had different rules and constraints they had to go by in distribution of meat. The sharing was done in units of 25 people rather than just one family, they didn't have to share with everyone but no one went hungry within the unit. One way of preserving large amounts of meat was to make jerky. When hunting and killing an elephant would bring many pounds of meat, it would be stored by drying it out in long strips and could be packed easily as they moved to the next camp. In the 1970's the Ju'/hoansi were taken from their homeland, which caused a social change in their people.Jobs were given and paid for with monies. Men were given more jobs then women, which caused a significant change in the economy. Women were given welfare by the government and were isolated at their homes with nothing to do. Their purpose was diminished and they had too much time on their hands. Disease hit the people causing many deaths and tragedy. The South African Government came bringing liquor and many men fought each other, killing off their own people. The change brought to the Ju'/hoansi was a tragedy, they were not accustomed to this new way of life, nor had they been brought up by this kind of culture to be able to adjust.Some of the people went back to their homeland, never to be the same as the early days of foraging for food. They tried to shift to agriculture whic h called for a different understanding than what they were used to. Pre-planning and organization was needed for agriculture. The people had been hunting and gathering, which they did while traveling without planning. It was a different way of life, although some success came for a few, it was not common. Like many others of their kind, they were edged out of their traditional habitats and the foraging cultures have nearly disappeared.

Brain functions

Brain provides wider function in terms of biological changes that take place in one person; it is the central nervous system thus, it is responsible to overall functional development of the body. Moreover, the brain serves as the indicator of all the responses made by man, and so, any behavioral and/or psychological development coincides with his mental development. Scientists have made a very significant study on brain functioning of adolescents. A teen’s brain develops more rapidly according to them than what most people thought.Through the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), they have found out that the human brain â€Å"undergoes changes after sensitive period,†1 and develop throughout adolescent. Brain continues to develop until the age of twenty, and this development is remarkable and must be given enough attention by concerned individual, for in this period lies the future of these teens. Many mental health experts believe that these changes that occur in on e’s brain to prepare them to adulthood.2 It is a crucial stage in the development of brain because, along the physiological changes that take place in the brain, the psychological and emotional functioning of an adolescent carries with it also. These health professional had commented that, â€Å"adolescence and young adulthood is a time of great potential for change and development – then policymakers need increasingly to focus in the opportunities for helping and influencing young adults that this crucial stage presents. †3 Biological Changes that Occur in an Adolescent BrainThe brain controls the overall function of the body: the basic instinct, immune system, sexuality, language capacity, and even abstract thinking. Not only has that, even a person’s behavior or responses depended largely on how his brain functions, specifically, his capacity to adapt to changes brought about by external forces. Adolescent period is the turning point in the life of any person to adulthood; many could observe how differently a person when he turns to this period. Not all can understand these changes, even the person himself.In the biological development of the brain, renowned Biologist and Psychologist Jean Piaget observed that â€Å"the developing child builds cognitive structure. †4 He meant the child develops mental ‘maps’ scheme, or network concept for â€Å"understanding and responding to physical experiences with in his or her environment. †5 Piaget confirmed that cognitive structure increases with development moving from instinctive baby responses to highly complex mental activities of adolescence. In his theory6, he identifies four development stages and processes by which children progress through them.These are: 1) the sensorimotor stage (birth – 2years old) is where the child first learns through physical interaction with his or her environment and forms a set of ideas about ‘reality and how it wo rks. 2) The preoperational stage (2-7 years old) is the stage that the child needs ‘concrete physical situation because he can not yet conceptualize abstractly. 3) The concrete operation (7-11 years old), at this ages, the child is able to conceptualize creating ‘logical structures’ that gives him idea of his or her physical experiences.4) The formal operations (11-12 years old), the child already develops cognitive structures like those of an adult which include conceptual reasoning. Piaget further explains that during all development stages, the child experiences his or her environment using whatever mental maps he or she has constructed. By this, he said that repeated experience easily fits or assimilated into child’s cognitive structure that maintains his or her mental equilibrium.But if it is a new experience, the child loses equilibrium and alters cognitive structure to â€Å"accommodate the new conditions. Through this, the child develops more and m ore concrete cognitive structures. †7 Men and women differ in many aspects not only in physical attributes and sexes. They also differ even in the way of solving intellectual problems. The differences accordingly are minimal and were merely consequence of â€Å"variations in experiences during development before and after adolescence.†8 They pointed out that recently, evidence suggests that the effect of sex hormones on brain organization occur so early in life that from the start, the environment is acting on differently wired brains in boys and girls. †9 These then, make evaluating the role of experience independent of physiological disposition which is a difficult task. The basis of biological sex differences in brain and behavior â€Å"have become much better known through increasing numbers of behavioral neurological endocrinological studies. 10 These studies also emphasized that observations show that males are more aggressive than females.Males engage in m ore rough play while females are more ‘nurturing. ’ It was also noted that males are better at a variety of spatial tasks. It concludes that male and female are better differentiated in the â€Å"level of exposure to various sex hormones early in life. †11 According to the studies conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Sowell, Assistant Professor of Neurology Laboratory of New Imaging, UCLA, â€Å"the discoveries particularly of post adolescent frontal lobe motivation provides new insight for interpreting occasionally trouble some behavior.She noted that â€Å"teens in typical western society are notorious for being poor planners, having difficulty interpreting potential consequences of their actions. 12 That these teens have difficulty controlling their emotions and having trouble inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Dr. Sowell pointed out that â€Å"frontal lobes are responsible for planning, organization, and impulse control all functions typically underdeveloped during adolescence. †13 The result of the studies suggested that on-going changes in brain structure play a role.She said that â€Å"patterns of cortical maturation and degeneration between childhood and old age likely to reflect changing behavioral functions and cognitive abilities across the human life span. †14 The study used computerized brain image analyses to create three dimensional maps of gray matter change in the human cerebral cortex across a decades (7-87 years) involving 176 normal individuals and studies with MRI. Findings showed gray matter increase until about age 30. Whereas gray matter is also observed because of synaptic pruning, and continued myelination occurs during adolescent period.Both synaptic pruning and increased myelination are â€Å"cellular changes that result in a more fine tuned efficient brain. †15 It was also observed that pattern of gray matter loss were more rapid between 7 and 60 years old. Results of this study show that the †Å"trajectory of maturation aging effects vary considerably over the cortex with primary visual, auditory and limbic cortices known to myelinate relatively early in development showing a more linear pattern of aging. †16 Psychological Adjustment Due to Changes in BrainA group of health professionals explained some remarkable changes that take place in the behavior of a youth17 such as: sense of independence and exploration; formation of social bonds (they would choose to be with friends than with family members); they have powerful urges for sexual behavior; they have powerful emotional responses; they have greater tendency to acquire high-risk behavior because they cannot sustain with reason their impulsive behavior; youth are also vulnerable to addiction such as drugs and alcohol, their brain is sensitive with these elements; they also have inclination to materialism or consumerism; and in rare instances, some may experience mental illness or psychological disorder especially if the thinning of grey matter is greater, such as in the case of schizophrenia and bipolar. Conclusion Environment should not be blamed for what the behavior manifests in youth. Young people should not also be blamed for they themselves cannot comprehend what is going on inside them.At this crucial stage in their lives, they can experience different impulses and changes in their behavior. Sad to say, many of these youth have gone astray choosing a different path for them, which in turn, did not benefit them at all. Youth is the future of the nation, a country must invest on them, their energy and potential must be realized for greater benefit of all. But this could become possible if the government and the society must work hand in hand to meet the basic needs of the youth. As mental health professionals pointed out, services for these youth should be made available or else, we may never realize their full potential, they noted:18Commissioners need to consider the specific needs o f this age group when planning and commissioning services; failure to do so may contribute to the development of mental health service users being stuck in a cycle of hopelessness, unable to realize their full potential. Footnotes 1 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 2 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 3 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 4 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm5 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 6 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 7 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 8Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 9 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 10 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 11 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article.cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 12 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 13 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 14 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 15 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 16 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 17  "The Adolescent Brain. † loc. cit. 18 â€Å"â€Å"A Work in Progress: loc. cit.

Describe the concept of Moral Relativism Essay

â€Å"You have no right to tell me what to do† and â€Å"What is true for you is not true for me† are great examples of how we do not always accept the real truth in life and these statements are both examples of relativism. There are four kinds of relativism: metaphysical, epistemological, religious and moral which I am going to talk about. Every choice we make is due to each person’s individual morality. Morality is concerned with the free choice of rational human beings, therefore Protagoras shows that there are no moral absolutes when he said â€Å"Man is the measure of all things† in addition moral relativism is the belief that morality does not relate to any absolute standards of right and wrong but good and bad are dependent on culture and circumstance meaning that moral relativism is deontological because it all depends on something being right and wrong. Having a morality may mean that different groups of people may play different versions of football, just like different countries have different legal systems, in addition having a certain moral could just be chosen by the mood that you are in at that certain time of day because moralities accepted at one time may fail to be accepted at another time. What is it for a group or an individual to have a particular morality? In some ways it is like having a particular language with a particular syntax (The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language) and also how we use certain vocabulary. Your morality explains something about the way you act and about the way you react to the actions of others. In my opinion moral relativism is very contradictive and a good example of this would be law enforcement within America because we and they say â€Å"murder is wrong† and their solution is to murder the murderer via execution. We say â€Å"theft is wrong† and then take taxes from people without consent. If someone doesn’t pay taxes and even resists then they will be judged as being morally wrong even though they are doing moral wrongness themselves. Moving on, normative ethics is the main concept of moral relativism because it is the examination of issues of right and wrong and how people justify the decision they make when faced with situations of moral choice an example of this would be the ten commandments because they are a set of rules to stop us from being miss lead in life. In addition a great example of this would be when morality is determined by situations, for example, lying is wrong. But lying to the Nazis where the Jews are is right. Since situations are relative and changing, then morality is relative and changing, however morality is not always determined by situations but conditioned by it for example murder is wrong, but one must murder someone for self-defence. So therefore this situation makes a deed right, Killing for self-defence makes killing not murder. Therefore killing for self-defence is not wrong. Another point people think is true is that good intentions is enough. It is not. Hitler had good intentions, but his actions were not. A good intention can make a deed good, but a good intention does not make a bad deed good.

Brand Sense/Marketing: McDonald’s Hamburgers Essay

Figure 1 This figure illustrates how McDonald’s hamburger is presented to the public. The picture looks so appealing enough to make people crave to taste how it is like when combining the fresh and nutritious ingredients together. The picture alone tells that the food is very delicious by its look, that it produces enchanting smell; and when a person touches it, its soft and thick bread would be enough to satisfy his craving. Analyzing the ads in view of the senses presented in the diagram gives the brand manager the criteria in assessing how effective the ads is in arousing the interest and craving of the people towards the product. In the same way, this also guides him/her to determine a particular sensory activity he would employ in a particular product. Figure 2 Using the twelve components in the ‘Smash your Brand’ philosophy of Martin Lindstrom, McDonald’s hamburgers communicate the true personality of the company. This principle applies the idea of uniqueness that makes the product relevant to its customers. This uniqueness is applied in various components as discussed by Lindstrom. The M shape icon and the McDonald’s mascot that represent it appear so customer friendly while the combination of yellow and white and a little red gives relaxing mood. Actually the name McDonald is an American folksong that creates an image as ‘plain folk. ’ In my opinion, McDonald’s will survive smashing because it communicates goodwill and friendly customer service in many aspects of services. ‘Smash your Brand’ as another device through which a marketing scheme is being conceptualized, is holistic in approach. For a marketing plan, using this approach is quite mind-numbing and tedious because in the first place this particular approach is done by the organization as a whole to impose a change in the company. Once the initiative is from the upper level, marketing department will also follow and will create a plan based on the set corporate goals. Perhaps, what could be done is basically orchestrating what the company is and what the company does. This is what it means by â€Å"communicating a heart. † Thus, this diagram will become effective only when the company has the message and identity to tell the public. Figure 3 McDonald’s hamburger is authentic because of its drive to perfect its product by making it real in terms of quality represented by the product’s color, simplicity of the images, richness in ingredients, and values explained in text (McDonald’s). Perhaps this authenticity testing is utilized or suggested by Lindstrom because it aims to measure the impact of the ads to the intended audience. As an emotional testing, its authenticity will help to enhance the customers’ motivation to patronage the product. The device is helpful I guess in order to strengthen the impact of the advertisement. Figure 4 To realize that a product meets another level of customer’s satisfaction is a good indication that the ad as well as the product is really tempting and alluring. In case of McDonald’s hamburgers as shown in an internet ad, the food is really tempting by its look; however, it becomes more enticing because the nutrition content will satisfy ‘my’ body. The level of understanding regarding the benefit of the product will heighten the interest of the person to buy the product. The emotional profile therefore provides another avenue in the advertisement that will make it more effective and convincing. Application Lindstrom provides novel idea in making marketing truly relevant to the needs of the people. These diagrams and models are useful therefore in conceptualizing and figuring out marketing strategies and action that will be appealing enough to cultivate interest to a lot of people amidst many competitions. What brand managers understand is that marketing does not rely solely on advertisement. It involves concerted actions and effort that aim to promote and to sell the product. The primary end of the effort is to increase the sales. Lindstrom conceptualized those models, which for him will facilitate the planning stage of the brand managers. However, the models require a lot of work analysis and sometimes limit the creativity because it tends to bind the strategies on the models. What most marketing managers or brand managers are doing is looking through some ways that will make their product unique from the rest; they do not limit any possibility. Regarding this, it is important to realize that branding is different from marketing. Branding is â€Å"about performance†¦ is a tool for delivering your business objectives: a means to an end, not an end in itself† (Barlow & Stewart, p. 17). It is therefore aims to bring the customer close to the product and not the product to the customer; the latter is the marketing job. Branding and marketing require two different courses of actions. Secondly, the brand manager must conceptualize what could provide solution to the customers’ needs and problems. That is the key towards identifying effective branding strategies. The best way to do this is conducting researches that will identify those needs. The brand must in the first place dwell within the hearts and minds of the clients. Third, after the courses of action have been finalized, use Lindstrom’s models to analyze the weaknesses and strengths of the strategies. With this suggestion, planning will become systematic and that Lindstrom will become useful. Reference Barlow, J. & Stewart, P. (2004). Branded Customer Service. USA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Lindstrom, M. (2005). Brand Sense: How to Build Powerful Brands through Touch, Smell, Sight & Sound. USA: Kogan Page Publishers. McDonald’s. http://cep. mcdonalds. com/qualityfood/.

A Fading India Journalistic Essays

I am waiting for the Regal Taj when another bus, advertising itself as the â€Å"premier deluxe air-conditioned Taj Express,† arrives, its seats apparently filled completely with people. I climb up the creaking steps as the driver stretches his hand for a 10 rupee note for the pleasure of this upgraded ride. There is a reason why the bus is â€Å"air-conditioned†; two of the windows are broken. A makeshift cellophane sheet stuck with duct tape over the open space keeps coming undone and rattles angrily against the ledge. This is not a bus for the country club crowd. Men show deep creases of labor and worry on their foreheads and women balance four or five children, on their laps and pressed against their bosoms. But they are Indian, and they have a birthright and an obligation to respect their history. This is the country where spontaneous monuments sprout up in honor of Shivaji, the Hindu warrior who lost his friends, family, and then his life in resisting the conquering Moguls. This is the country where people invoke the name of Gandhi at political rallies, â€Å"Long Live Mahatma,† as if his placid face lingers as a ghost on the stage. The Mahabharat, mostly mythical but historically based, was adapted for television a few years ago and remains the highest rated series of all time. So, as overworked and overburdened as the masses may be, the Taj Mahal beckons to reveal the glory of India’s past to them. The back of the bus has an empty seat, next to a foreign tourist, which I claim as my own.

Life experiences that has led you to nursing as a career path Personal Statement

Life experiences that has led you to nursing as a career path - Personal Statement Example Next to teaching, Nursing is one of the noblest professions for me. Not only it requires competent knowledge and skills, but most importantly, nursing profession also entails attitudes such as patience, dedication, hard work, and passion. I believe that I have the adequate knowledge and skills for this course which have been developed from my work experience. I also possess the desirable attitudes and being valued for which I find pertinent for this career: Teamwork: I am considering that this career will require a constant work with the doctors from time to time as well with fellow nurses. It is through teamwork that everybody will be able to produce better and greater achievements for the welfare of the patients. I believe that my desire of pursuing to the Nursing degree is the best career path for me. Not only that I possess the quality and traits of becoming a competent nurse in the future, but my eagerness and passion to learn more and strive harder as I take this path gives me more confident that I will be able to surpass the challenges in this field and be able to go beyond what is expected of me. I will greatly appreciate if you consider my application for the Nursing Program in your renowned university. Thank you for your

Discuss the role and significance of social media in tourism Essay

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Architects And Styles In The Late 1900s In USA Thesis

Architects And Styles In The Late 1900s In USA - Thesis Example The architecture styles before the 1900s were New Romanesque, Victorian and Gothic with huge thick walls, tall columns and ornate carvings. One of the famous architects in the late 1900s was Henry Hobson Richardson who had studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The École des Beaux- style is evident in the New Romanesque style he developed.   He created a number of buildings in the USA from 1880 to 1900. The style he developed was also called as Neo Romanesque and it was a revival of the ancient Roman and Spanish styles but mixed with some modern elements. Some of the structures that belonged to this genre include Trinity Church in Boston; Buffalo State Asylum in New York and other structures. Some other architects that practiced the Neo Romanesque style included Cleveland Cady who built the   American Museum of Natural History building. Other structures that came up included the Williams Free Library in Wisconsin designed by Walter Holbrook, Fogg Memorial Building at Maine designed by George A. Clough; Durand Art Institute in Illinois by Henry Ives Cobb and many others. Cement concrete had not been invented in the 1890s and the main material used was stone and mortar. The style was called Neo Romanesque since these structures used the heavy and short column with extensive brick work and ornamented by ornate arches. The style puts the focus on clear arches that have a strong picturesque massing with a typical round-headed "Romanesque" arches. The arches emerged from groups of short squat columns.

Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Diabetes - Research Paper Example From the statistics presented by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, it is also evident that the minorities that are exposed to diabetes have the high prevalence due to their lifestyles. Diabetes continues to be a disease that has social stigma to those suffering from it as it demands a lot of energy and time and it has long time complications to an individual’s body (Hall, 2011). Diabetes also happens to be a very physical disease that affects major organs in the body. Obese people tend to be more vulnerable to having this disease than healthy people and they struggle to manage this disease in all ways they can. This is mostly caused by the lifestyle these people live, for example, the kind of food they eat, lack of exercise and stress which makes them more vulnerable than others. Casey (2011), states that the factors that determines the outcome of the disease and the final effect that it has on the individual include the lifestyles that the individuals live and the social stigma that the patients undergo. In defining the lifestyles that many patients live in, it is important to mention the economic variable. AHRQ (2012) mentions that, in minority groups, economic barriers and the cultural difference plays an important role in determining the outcome of the treatment that patients are given. Some patients usually face a lot of economic barriers that prevent them from getting insulin treatment and they sometimes do not place their own medical needs before those of family members. Other variables that determine the outcome of the disease include distrust for medical personnel and preferences for other remedies (Fain, 2009). However, one of the most important variables in the management of the disease is the social stigma that the patients face. According to the Center for Disease Control, the social stigma that affects people living with diabetes increases the mortality from the disease (Tessaro,

Thinking Back Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Write your opinion about northern ontario Assignment

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Customer behavior summary about social media Essay

Customer behavior summary about social media - Essay Example We will therefore focus on these level of needs and how marketers can use them to their advantage. First are the physiological needs which are basically biological needs such as food, water, oxygen and shelter. Of all the needs, the physiological needs are the most important and basic and therefore, they should be satisfied first. In the social network sphere, the marketers can satisfy the customers’ physiological needs by finding out the information concerning nutrition and medicine of their existing and potential customers. The second level is composed of the safety or security needs which become active only after the physiological needs have been met. Whereas adults have usually little awareness of their safety needs apart from periods of emergency, children usually show signs of insecurity thereby prompting the need to be safe. Individuals can use social networks to update their status and inform security firms such as police and other authority of any insecurity or emergency. By doing this, the individuals’ safety needs are met appropriately. Thirdly, the needs of Love, affection and belongingness enables individuals to overcome the feelings of isolation and loneliness. These needs therefore comprises of both showing and receiving love and affection from others which one to have a sense of belonging. Through social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, people are able to share love by commenting on statuses, liking pictures and even engaging in online dating. This actions reduces or eliminates the feeling of loneliness and alienation thus enabling them to attain the needs of love, affection and belongingness. Comparatively, after the first three needs have been met, an individual develops the needs for esteem which involve self-esteem and esteem for others. In this segment, an individual tends to have a high level of self-respect and therefore desires to have respect from others too. Through the social networking

The Appropriate Criteria Essay Example for Free

The Appropriate Criteria Essay The internal QA process largely takes place within the college programme/ department itself. Generally, this process collects continued information in a systematic way about the quality being achieved. The Self Assessment reports are the corner stone of the whole QA system and need to be prepared by the college under the guidance provided by the external agencies e.g. City and Guilds, EAL The Self Assessment report should be validated by peers and is the backbone of the whole exercise of Quality Assurance and Enhancement in Colleges. Therefore a standard Self Assessment report should motivate the internal QA by identifying its weaknesses and strengths, in practicing to be prepared for external assessment and informing the external evaluators about internal QA System. A self assessment report should provide comprehensive information regarding objectives, structure and content of the academic programmes, the learning and teaching environment and curriculum organization etc. The processes of conducting Self Assessment (SA) of college programmes are outlined by the scheme providers which provide guidance for practicing self assessment of college programmes of higher education institutions to maintain and improve the quality standards simultaneously. see more:explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individual\s choices Self Assessment is an effective tool for academic Quality Assurance and provides feed back to administration to initiate action plans for improvement. Quality in higher education is a dynamic entity and therefore various factors that determine quality of higher education must be set in equilibrium at a level that matches with national expectations and standards. These factors include, inter alia, leadership, quality of faculty, quality of students, curriculum, infrastructure facilities, research and learning environment, governance, strategic planning, assessment procedures, and their relevance to market forces. Combined with this the criteria for judging the quality of assessment process is usually laid down in organisation standards, such as health and safety, equality and diversity. Along with this we require an evidence trail to ensure relevance. Another method is the use of the criteria of meeting targets Use of questionnaires to assess learner satisfaction to awarding organisat ion standards. e.g. Performance./assessment criteria Levels :- NVQ etc Performance indicators Checklists Logging and tracking documents Portfolios Occupational/vocational standards National Occupational Standards (NOS) Government regulatory body standards e.g. Ofqual/Ofsted. When assessing , VASCAR can be referred to when judging the quality of the assessment process. V Is it valid; does the work presented meet the criteria and standards that are being worked towards? A Is the work authentic; is the work the learners/assessors own? S Is the evidence sufficient: is there enough to meet the requirements? C Is it current; is it linked to the current standards and are they up to date? A Is it accurate R Reliability; are the assessment decisions consistent and assessed to the appropriate levels for the qualification? Another acronym which is good to relate to during the process is ACR A Accuracy/audit trail ensuring all paperwork matches C Is there consistency over all the assessments, are all assessors working to the same standardized procedures R Record keeping, are all records accurate and thorough (ie are all dates and signatures correct and present). It is vitally important to ensure the above systems are maintained and followed correctly when judging the quality of assessment process. It is also important that they are adhered to in order to contribute to standardization throughout the college. Their use is also important to identify any discrepancies or support needed either for individuals or the team as a whole.

Marketing Mix Kinder Bueno Marketing Essay

Marketing Mix Kinder Bueno Marketing Essay Today ferrero is one of the largest confectionary companies in the world. Ferrero has sales product all around the world. The ferrero family keeps on delight its universal consumers with a seemingly inexhaustible line of single, high-quality product, not only in the spread and candy aisles, but also in the bakery and beverage part. Kinder Bueno is one of the best-sellers of the company and at the heart of ferrero success. Kinder Bueno is sold at 30 countries around the world. Kinder Bueno has great market power in the world. The aim of this report is to evaluate the marketing strategy of Kinder Bueno. This report will mention all aspects of Kinder Buenos marketing mix, these include: product, price, place and promotion. Product Kinder Bueno is a chocolate bar comes from Ferrero. It is a hazelnut cream filled wafer with some smoothly chocolate covering. The brand of Kinder was launched in 1968 which products for children debuts. Kinder Bueno chocolate bar originally comes from Germany, where it was first come out in 1990. It is the most principle and significant source of income for Ferrero. Ferrero use its recipe for their own product, which was available from 1946. Ferrero produce special package for Kinder Bueno. As we know Kinder Bueno is special package like that. This package contains chocolate bar like small candy so that can easily and convenience to storage and enjoy it everywhere at any time. Moreover, Kinder Bueno label contains Kinder Bueno and picture of glass and half milk and hazelnut. It illustrates their special recipe for making milk chocolate with hazelnut. Price Brand Name Price Kinder Bueno 43g $4.53 per 100g Timeout 40g $6.20 per 100g Mars bar 80g $2.6 per 100 g Good product is a crucial point. However, price has a significant impact on customers as well. Setting an appropriate price is also a key to launch the product widely and successfully. When pricing goods, the very important factor is the cost and feature of goods itself. Obviously, the cost of produce the original chocolate is not so expensive. Producing original chocolate is a traditional production project, Ferrero had started with chocolate. Tables above are determine whether price is different between packages and compare with competitor products. This price based on products sold in Woolworths price at this time. The other two competitors product, one is Timeout which is Cadburys product, this company is the worlds largest confectionary producer established in the year 1824 in London. The other one is Mars which is a famous chocolate factory called Mars, Inc. Established in United Kingdom in 1932. According to the research and price table above from supermarket comparison it is easy to find that Kinder Bueno is not winning by price competition. We can easily know the Kinder Buenos price is the middle price of this three companys product. The highest one is Timeout which is $6.2 per 100g; second one is Kinder Bueno which is $4.53 per 100g. The third one is Mars bar which is the cheapest one on the shop shelf is $2.6 per 100g. Although its price is a little higher than others (such as small differences in price cant play a leading role in customers choice), Kinder Bueno focuses on non-price competition. They emphasises distinctive product features and quality to distinguish its chocolate bar from its competing brands. Kinder Bueno develops diversified products focusing on health care. And also because of its prestige products and long history, Kinder Bueno has a great advantage of building customer loyalty. For prestige products, it seems to sell better at high prices than at lo w ones, just like Kinder Bueno. Because of a proper price and such famous brand, all target customers from the child to the old ready to try it. Place (Distribution) When a commodity is labeled well the price, the next procedure is that how to distribute to customers rapidly and widely. In supermarket, they display the product as sort. All of confectionery goods are arranged together. Ferreros product displayed large part of confectionery section, because Ferrero have lots of different products than other company. It increase chance to be choose by customer. And Ferrero product often display at other section especially at Woolworth. It is kind of advertising that customer can pick it up at any place. Next important part of place is which distribution channels should company uses to sell it. In fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market, most company choose channel C to sell their product. Channel C is a long-standing channel, especially for consumer products, it takes goods from the producer to wholesaler, then to a retailer, and finally to consumers. Global distribution makes Kinder Bueno spread every corner of the world. Products flows from manufacturers to retailers free and fast accelerate the speed of final transaction. Aside from convenience stores, large retail stores such as Coles, Woolworths, Safeway, and Franklins in Australia, many Grocery Stores are also played a significant role in the distribution of Kinder Bueno. Except that, internet has a powerful distributor, either. Shopping online becomes fashion trends. Professional website such as EBay, amaze, provide formal platforms to put goods. These are big advantages for Kinder Bueno, because there would be more room in the stores for them, increasing the chance of sales. Promotion The companys marketing strategy to take a positive, long-term with clients to establish and maintain good relations. The overall role of promotion is to boost product demand. Marketers also indirectly facilitate favorable connection by focusing information about company goods and activities on interest groups, hidden and current investors, societies in general, and regulatory agencies. For maximum benefit from sale efforts, marketers strive for correct planning, execution, and control of communications. When an organization mix specific methods to promote a special product, that combination establish the promotion mix for that product. The four possible factors of a promotion mix are personal selling, advertising, sales promotion and public relations. For some products, firms use all four ingredients, but for other products, maybe only two or three. For Method, the company uses the advertising to promote the products. Advertising is a non-personal communication about an institution and its products transmitted to a target customer through mass media such as radio, television, Internet, magazines, newspapers, direct mail, and signs on mass transit vehicles. Method businesses will be combined with other promotional activities for companies such as according to the magazines that are about family or healthy; to introduce the products for home clear or personal clear. Promotion is the best way to increase income and benefits and let customer know their brand.The promotion is essential to Kinder Bueno. They use promotion to let more costumers be aware of their product to get an advantage in competition between other companies which have similar product for their good quality. Therefore, Ferrero can gain profits from this product by increasing demand. There are lots of ways to promote. In generally, the company will reduce its price and make advertisement. The Ferrero Company uses promotional tools to publicize their product, such as advertising, TV, radio, online advertising, catalogues and in store advertisements. The Ferrero spends a large of money to publicize their products to customers in order to get a high awareness of new costumers and maintain the number of loyal customers. Product advertising promotes the exterior appearance, features, and benefits of products. These effective tools let the consumers realize their existence in the market. Thats the reason why Ferrero is the most popular chocolate maker in global market. Additional, in 2007, Kinder Bueno was aimed to the new market, the teenage market with a new advertise, the advert can make an impression in customers mind, so the advert is very important to a product. So the Kinder Bueno has a good impression in customers mind. The firm should develop new technology into producing new products with new style and higher quality and new tastes to take over more market share. To capture more market, the company should look for better locations for sales to improve the profit. And use the adoption of strategic alliances to the international marketing. SWOT Matrix 6 Marks Product: _ FerreroKinder Bueno_ Strengths Largest global confectionery supplier Long history Operate 30 countries and sell almost every country Brand is well known to people Kinder Bueno is one of the worlds most famous brand names Kinder Bueno is the most consumed chocolate in UK, Australia and India Maintain a stable growth New dynamic in advertising Kinder Bueno world Weaknesses Small range of products Too much fat Weak experience in world market Recall chocolate bars over salmonella fears Opportunities Exist to expand to new markets Grow of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market Introduction of more health-conscious products Taken over by Kraft expand market Threats Consumer health trends Rising raw material prices Rising labor wages Intense competitions ( mars, nestle) Low price of supermarket own brands After merger lose their reputation