The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Force is an objective that a great many people make progress toward in their lives. At the point when somebody underestimates power they can control their companions and cause genuine difficulty. As far as old history, explicitly with respect to old Rome, having an excessive amount of intensity can prompt negative outcomes. When somebody makes reference to the name Julius Caesar, it triggers a picture of Romes most prominent pioneer ever. July 13, 100 B.C., was the start of another period in Roman culture. This denoted the introduction of Romes most prominent political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars ascend through Romes political positions of Rome came rapidly and it was accepted by numerous people in the Senate that Julius Caesar was getting unreasonably amazing to his benefit. They additionally accepted that he was turning into a danger of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After building up himself as the despot of Rome, the Senate accepted that he had dreams of aut hority and extreme force. This prompted Senatorial connivance and inevitably to his death. His death was an aftereffect of his sensational ascent to control, which represented a danger to the senates. Eventually his unexpected demise was a consequence of different individual factors that annoyed the congresspersons and made ill will among them and Caesar, regarding his passing inescapable. His passing prompts a domino impact, which happens to prompt the unavoidable breakdown of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was killed by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had numerous men that were thinking of a plot against him to kill him. Among the 60 men plotting to kill him, many were legislators, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Expecting that reality if Caesar added Parthia to his successes he would verifiably become lord. Realizing that in four days Caesar was going on crusade against Parthia that time was squeezing, so they needed to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a gathering in a corridor nearby Pompeys sculpture. Toward the start of the gathering, a man by the name of Cimber first bowed before Caesar to argue to him and review his sibling from expulsion. At the point when Caesar cannot, Cimber yanked Julius frock down from his neck and wounded him in the upstanding shoulder, since he was anxious and miss ed his neck. (Refer to 2). Different schemers went with the same pattern and started to cut Caesar. At the point when they were done the cutting, Caesar lay dead with 35 injuries on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars ascend to control arrived in an incredibly brief timeframe, quicker than numerous before him. Caesar picked up power using his open picture as a Populares in light of the fact that he was naturally introduced to the perfect social class, as a Patrician. He originated from an old and set up family line that made it just common for him to go into the association of legislative issues and government. Because of his family foundation, he had connections to the populares who were notable Roman political pioneers on the individuals. Caesar was a mainstream government official speaking to the majority of the individuals. His appeal and military victoriesâ over the Germanic clans in Gaul and his triumphs in Egypt, empowered him to rapidly progress up the political positions. One of the most basic political moves he made that added to his unfathomable achievement was a significant 3-way organization. Caesar proposed this 3-way association known as the first triumvirate. This v ital union was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar in light of the fact that there was expanding antagonistic vibe among Pompey and Crassus. They split the Roman areas between one another and the connection among Pompey and Caesar was established by Pompeys union with Caesars little girl, Julia. Notwithstanding, the degeneration of the Triumvirate accompanied rapidly with the demise of Caesars little girl Julia, which broke the individual security that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was trailed by death of Crassus because of an assault by the Parthian armed force, which finished the Triumvirate. At the hour of the First Triumvirate, the ordinarily known Republican type of government in Romeâ was effectively well on its approach to transforming into a monarchy.â The first basic mistake Caesar made in quite a while ascend to control was the point at which he was in Gaul. Caesar was blamed for conspiracy by certain individuals from the senate since he had the two tribunes on his side. Since they were his ally the tribunes both forced their vetoes on the treachery guarantee. Most of the senate chose to overlook the vetoes and they requested Caesar, who was currently accused of treachery to return back to Rome, without his military. Caesar returned to Rome yet he did as such with his military. When he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in reality lawfully, dedicated injustice. He was submitting imperium, as he was practicing imperium when taboo by the law. Sitting tight for Caesar was Pompey with his military, and the skirmish of Pharsalus occurred in 48 BC. Caesar won the fight and Pompey had to escape to Egypt. Because of Caesars political development procedures, he had the option to make political collusions that helped him ascend in power, an d that left him as the pioneer of the Roman world. When Caesar came back to Rome he controlled alone where he started a foundation of change for Rome. He chose to make himself tyrant forever and he named his very own congresspersons. Numerous residents were trusting that, after the Civil War had finished, Caesar would reestablish the constitution and make the laws and the courts work again.(CITE 5) As he vanquished an ever increasing number of foes, he turned out to be progressively famous with the individuals of Rome. His military triumphs are what gave him extreme political prominence and advanced his case as evident pioneer of Rome. His military unmistakable quality is the thing that helped Rome thrive into apparently the best antiquated developments ever. His exceptional military crusades are what helped Rome flourish in both size and force. He expanded the size of the Senate from around 600 individuals to 900, acquiring new men into the positions of office holders. (Refer to 5). He gave the poor new openings and they became depe ndable supporters, moreover expanding his notoriety with the individuals. He likewise helped the poor residents by normally checking the spread of cash all through Rome to ensure that nobody was living too ineffectively (CITE 5). Moreover, he compensated a huge number of Veterans with parcels and money rewards. (Refer to 5). This was another shrewd methodology that Caesar executed which made his warriors battle better, since they had a reason to battle for, which was their property, family, and pioneer. With this demonstration Caesar made Rome an increasingly affluent, open, and safe spot to live. With Caesars snappy expanding prominence the Senate attempted to forestall Caesar getting the situation of the office, which was a significant position since it was the position that was responsible for Romes barrier powers. The Senate felt that Caesar needed to assume the situation of lord of Rome. The perfect distinctions that he acknowledged, the sanctuary, the minister, the name divus Julius, and the celebrations that denoted the standard of the Greek rulers, all point toward that path. It was thought by numerous individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was getting excessively ground-breaking, and that he had dreams of sovereignty and extreme power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a significant danger towards the security of the Roman Empire and this would have definitely diminished the intensity of the Senators. They expected that Caesar would transform the Roman Republic into a domineering government (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was nevertheless a name without sub stance or form.(CITE 5) He called numerous congregations to have them vote on laws that were developed by him and to and to choose the applicants he had actually picked. His lack of regard of the constitution of Rome was on full presentation by an occasion in the year 45 BC, which was more than two months before his passing. Word came to Caesar that a delegate in his office had out of nowhere passed on. Caesar immediately called a gathering and had it choose a renewed person for assume control over the position. This drove the Senate very mad with Caesar and along these lines, the possibility of in the end disposing of Caesar by murder, was beginning to advance. The rationale in the Senates slaughtering of Caesar was eventually out of close to home scorn. They had individual ill will towards Caesar for his activities towards them. The companions of Caesar were chafed to see him elevate previous adversaries to places of uniformity with themselves. Huge numbers of these previous adversaries, rather than feeling appreciation toward Caesar for their lives and for the advantages they had gotten, kept on feeling hatred since they had lost such a great amount to Caesar. (Refer to 6). Many accused Caesar by and by for the misfortunes that they or their families endured. No Roman in history had ever applied such a great amount of power over the lives of his kindred blue-bloods more than Caesar. As indicated by (CITE 6) the intention in the homicide of Caesar was built up when he sat in his brilliant seat before the new sanctuary of Venus, the mother of his home, Caesar neglected to ascend to thank the dads. This added to individual scorn on Caesar by the Senate. There were in excess of 60 congresspersons related with the plot. A large number of them were Caesars previous dear companions. They had their own explanations behind participate on the association, however lion's share were at an individual level. Many felt Caesar by and by offended them or their families. Accordingly, Brutus and Cassius turned into the pioneers in a plot to kill the Caesar, alongside 60 other men, essentially acquitted by Caesar who were resolved to do the deed of killing him. (Refer to 5). There were two key men who had an extraordinary individual disdain for Caesar and were the pioneers in making the ideal plot to kill him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was an uncommon companion of Caesar. The two of them needed individual retribution on Caesar with al

The Renaissance North And South Free Essays

Southern Renaissance was progressively common contrasted with the Northern. Northern concentrated exclusively on religion. Southern concentrated more on workmanship, however didn't dismiss religion totally Southern Europeans during the Renaissance concentrated on craftsmanship and religion, while the Northern Europeans made numerous establishments of higher realizing, where they showed useful learning, science, and innovation. We will compose a custom paper test on The Renaissance North And South or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The ‘Golden Age’ the same number of call it, is accepted to be the time in which Europe has at long last begun to enter the ‘Modern Age. The Southern Renaissance (in Italy) started during the fourteenth century while the Northern Renaissance is accepted to have begun during the 1 the century. The Renaissance has expanded the ubiquity of centerpieces and different fields of stud including: engineering, writing, sciences, governmental issues, and religion. There is many contrasts between the Southern and Northern Renaissance, and it is likewise founded on the idea of Humanism. Various craftsmen from the south and the north have indicated these distinctions in sees in their masterpieces and their ideas in envisioning the WA way individual carries on with their life. The Northern piece of Europe during those occasions was unequivocally joined to the showing gas of Christianity. The congregation drove force, and humanists imagined their general public as being all the more near God or nature as could be expected under the circumstances. The North held that Middle Ages conviction far longer than their Southern partner, and that is likewise the motivation behind why a large portion of their masterpieces are about scenes and the ways of life of individuals. The Southern piece of Europe (Italy to be increasingly exact) has a totally different point of view toward how workmanship ought to be seen and acknowledged. Their craftsmen made works of art about Greg eek and Roman legends, about divine beings and goddesses, and they were continually looking for something new and better to make. The hues that they additionally created caused the meshes to appear to be alive yet not one might say where the work of art is the main thing that an individual can see. It’s progressively like the watcher can see the item and let his creative mind wander unreservedly. The design of the land may have likewise assumed a huge job on how the Renaissance occurred in the Northern and Southern pieces of Europe. Italy is a spot were exchange w rich, and they were presented to various societies (Asians and such). These GA them the choice to create and find new things. Southerners imagine that religion I still significant, however it isn't the main need that they ought to center upon. Politic and different sciences were the things that individuals contemplated during those days, and that additionally changed their method of living. Northerners, then again, was not very presented to these progressions and still clung to their conviction of Jesus Christ and the congregation. The Southern and Northern Renaissance may have a great deal of contrasts, however they make them thing in like manner: They esteemed fine art. There even came when these craftsmen met and imparted their insights WI the one another. These prompted the production of better gems which are valued by t he world today. Synopsis: 1 . The Southern Renaissance started during the fourteenth century while the Northern Renaissance was accepted to have begun during the sixteenth century. 2. The Northern Part of Europe is unequivocally joined to Christianity and the congregation. 3. The Southern Part of Europe during the Renaissance is increasingly centered around the improvement of various fields of science including writing, design, governmental issues, a ND religion. 4. Craftsmanship from the North depend on Humanism and Landscapes. 5. Work of art from the South are increasingly about Classical Greek and Roman Mythologies. The most effective method to refer to The Renaissance North And South, Papers

Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication

Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication ADHD Treatment Print 7 Tips for Preparing Yourself to Take ADHD Medication By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 22, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children PhotoAlto/Antoine Arraou/Getty Images Medication, when appropriate, can be effective in helping you manage your  attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. These medications may be either  stimulants  or  non-stimulants. Its important to remember, however, that medication does not “cure” ADHD and is only a piece of the overall treatment plan, which may also include ADHD education, parent training, behavioral management methods, organizational strategies, school/work accommodations, coaching, and counseling. Tips for Taking ADHD Medications For some individuals with ADHD, these combined treatments may even lead to a reduced need or smaller dosage of ADHD medication. If you or your child is beginning a trial of ADHD medication, here are some helpful tips. Get a Baseline Reading Before beginning the medication, make notes of current behavior, sleep, appetite, and mood. These notes will serve as a baseline you can use to compare before and after medication patterns. This information will help you and your doctor differentiate what changes are related to the medication and what may be related to the ADHD that is being treated. Let Your Doctor Know About Other Medications You Take Its important for your doctor to be aware of any other medications, both prescribed and over-the-counter, that you or your child are currently taking. Medications can sometimes interact with one another, potentially causing problems or interfering with the potency of each other. Be sure to inform him or her of any supplements or vitamins as well. Keeping your doctor in the loop about your questions, concerns, and observations is key in discerning what treatment plans and medications are right for you. ADHD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next doctors appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF 3. Ask About Other Possible Interactions Ask your doctor if there are any foods, drinks, or other medications that you or your child should avoid while on your ADHD medication. 4. Know the Side Effects Ask your doctor to clearly explain all possible side effects of the medication. Obviously, the benefits of the medication must outweigh the risks of potential adverse side effects. For the common, less serious types of side effects, ask your doctor what strategies you can utilize to help minimize effects. It may be that taking food with the medication is helpful in reducing stomachaches or headaches  or adjusting the schedule of the medication will help improve appetite or sleep problems, for example. 5. Understand Dose Adjustments Your doctor will start at the lowest dose possible and adjust upward as necessary. Close communication is especially important during this time as you work together to reach optimal results. Know that your doctor may need to adjust the medication a number of times to find the most effective level. If side effects become problematic, a simple adjustment downward often solves the problem. If there doesnt seem to be significant improvement with the medication you or your child is taking, your doctor may begin a new trial with a different medication. Since everyone is different, it may be that you or your child respond better to one medication than another. 6. Get a Medication Fact Sheet Be sure to ask your doctor or pharmacist for a copy of the medication fact sheet to take home and read more thoroughly. If questions come up while reading through the sheet, don’t hesitate to call your doctors office. 7. Follow Instructions Its important to adhere to your doctor’s directions regarding the times your medication should be taken. When medication is taken at consistent times during the day, you will have a clearer picture of its effectiveness. Ask your doctor what to do if you accidentally miss a dose or take too many doses. Whats ADHD Medication Rebound?

The Causes And Preventions Of Cancer - 1773 Words

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Researchers found skeletons with tumors on the heads, necks and other parts of the skeletons. In the Renaissance Era, which was the beginning of the 15th century, scientist started understanding a little more about the human body. Galileo and Newton started using the scientific method, which later helped in the study of disease. Harvey in 1628, started doing autopsies, which help understand the circulation of the blood which was a mystery until then. In 1761, Giovanni Morgagni was the first to make autopsies a routine to help find out the patient’s illness afterShow MoreRelatedCONCLUSION Cancer has become the one of the most feared things for human beings. The various type700 Words   |  3 PagesCONCLUSION Cancer has become the one of the most feared things for human beings. The various type of cancer have been discovered and there are still a lot of it that undiscoverable. Cancer is a complex disease that have a group of disease. The cancer itself cannot be describe by words. 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William Shakespeare s Henry V, King Henry And The French...

What constitutes honor in society? In Henry V, King Henry and the French invoke its constitution to incite men into war. Although the reasons that the English and French countrymen fight differ, the thought of honorably serving their countries stands alone as enough impetus to thrust both onto the battlefield. But how can honor command such incentive? The answer stems from individualistic pride. The characters in Henry V see how, as a collective, society has objectively agreed that service to one’s country merits honor, but each character, as an individual, chooses to strive towards that honor because of his or her own pride. This notion of individualistic pride—both consciously and subconsciously—drives daily action. And in Henry V, the insidious intent of pride eclipses the known vicious nature of war. The motivation for King Henry to wage war on France, the subsequent response of France’s leadership, and the action of the English countrymen emanates fro m the notion of honor, but how each individual responds to the desire to fulfill his pride ultimately shapes â€Å"the field of Agincourt† (4.7.86). Henry V illustrates how honor and pride craft the nature of war. King Henry’s yearning for honor and the challenges to his pride that he receives from his wild younger days instigates him to pursue war with France. He understands the magnitude of war, even probing the archbishop of Canterbury’s argument to challenge the Salic law: â€Å"For God doth know how many now in health / ShallShow MoreRelatedA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pages Introduction to the Picatrix (The Aim of the Sage) of al-Majriti, Maslamati ibn Ahmad II. Summary of the Contents of the Picatrix III. Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images † VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western Astrology VII. W. B. Yeats and â€Å"A Vision:† The Arab Mansions of the Moon On Ritual and TalismansRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The UK authorities late announced its ambitious renewable energy program which includes supplying 75 of the entire UK electricity supply through renewable energy beginnings. In line with its new mark on the renewable energy development, I strongly believe as the main executive of ‘Edinburgh Renewables ‘ ( ER ) that our legion experiences on air current farm undertakings will lend to accomplishing the given mark successfully. As such, this study will demo the authorities ‘s new renewable development program in 2025 and sketch an action program for ER to present 30 % of the new mark capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In add-on the study will analyze whether authorities part can assist ER towards accomplishing the given mark. Finally, steps to work out the intermittence of the air current resource will be recommended. 2. Renewable Energy Development Target Based on the authorities ‘s new renewable energy policy, ER has set up a new mark that aims to bring forth 30 % of the authorities ‘s new renewable mark capacity in 2025 ( 75 % of the entire electricity supply ) . This will be attained through using new coevals of offshore air current farms under our direction. The inside informations of the new marks on renewable energy development are outlined as follows: i Government Target in 2025 i Total Electricity Demand in 2025: 450TWh i Electricity Supply From Renewable Energy: 338TWh ( 75 % of entire demand ) i ER Target in 2025 i 30 % of Renewable Energy Development Target i 102TWh ( Energy Production ) / 33GW ( Installed Capacity ) i Offshore air current farms ( Capacity Factor = 35 % ) Demand Forecast A ; Total Installed Capacity The entire electricity demand to put up the mark is forecasted to make 450TWh in 2025 by utilizing the same premise used for the Public Interest Research Centre prognosis by 2050. [ 1 ] Based on the new authorities policy, 75 % of electricity energy demand at 338TWH would be provided by renewable energy beginnings. ER will supply 30 % of the mark through the offshore air current farms development which would hold entire installed capacity of 33GW by 2025. The inside informations are described in Annex-1. Why Offshore Wind Farms? ER chose to intensively concentrate on offshore air current farms development, given higher prospective potency, higher capacity and higher cost decrease outlook of offshore air current engineering. In add-on, higher mean air current velocity, lower turbulency every bit good as less restraint on turn uping the site finally increases the deployment of offshore air current farms in the long footings when compared to onshore air current farms options. [ 1 ] Despite higher capital costs of the offshore air current farms undertaking, higher capacity factors can countervail this to some extent. [ 4 ] Additionally, the analysis in Renewable Energy Roadmap 2020, shows that cost of offshore wind engineering can be significantly reduced compared with other renewable engineerings by developing supply ironss and advanced engineerings. [ 2 ] Capacity Factor The capacity factor varies depending on the mean average air current velocity of geographical location and air current turbine features [ 4, 5 ] but sing future engineering development and operational experience accretion, the capacity factor of 35 % which was assumed in Renewables Advisory Board ‘s 2020 Vision was applied. [ 1 ] 3. Action Plan by 2025 The action program for 2025 was divided into two stages. This action was chosen in order to ease the accomplishment of the new mark in 2025. During the first stage ( 2013 to 2020 ) ER plans to take part and put in developing some of the offshore air current farm undertakings under Round 2 Extension, Round 3 Program and Scottish Territorial Waters Program of The Crown Estate. [ 6 ] This attack non merely leads to finishing the assorted undertakings on clip as planned, but it is besides expected to excite other seaward undertakings in the long term through continuously developing the advanced engineerings needed to cut down undertaking costs. Furthermore, based on undertaking experiences of the first stage, during the 2nd stage ( 2015 to 2020 ) ER will rush up developing new undertakings with larger capacity that can enable us to accomplish the concluding end in 2025. i 1st Phase ( 2013 ~ 2020 ) i Action Plan: Accelerate the planned offshore air current farms undertakings and develop advanced engineering to cut down the undertaking cost i Total Target Capacity: 14GW i Site: Entire 13 sites i Total Seabed Area: 3,986km2 [ 6 ] i 2nd Phase ( 2015 ~ 2025 ) i Action Plan: Develop the big graduated table offshore air current farms to accomplish the mark in 2025 i Total Target Capacity: 19GW i Site: Feasible sites among the Crown Estate Round 3 Zones ( determined by site study ) i Total Estimated Seabed Area: 1,691 ~ 3,193km2 Entire Seabed Area The entire seabed country required for both the 1st stage and 2nd stage of the program is estimated at 7,179 km2 which is about a ten percent of the size of Scotland. Harmonizing to the Crown Estate, entire seabed country of the 1st stage of the program is about 3,986km2. [ 6 ] On the other manus, entire undertaking country of the 2nd stage of the program varies depending on different air current turbine array. Given 5D by 10D turbine array [ 8 ] with a turbine rotor diameter of 164m [ 14 ] , the estimated site country for the 2nd stage is 3,193km2. However, based on the optimum air current turbine array examined by Christie [ 9 ] , the entire country for 2nd stage can be reduced to 1,691km2. The elaborate execution agenda and appraisal of the needed seabed country are described in the Annex-2. 4. Necessary Financial Support and Investment of Public Money [ 2 ] Due to the higher capacity factor and high prospective potency in UK, offshore wind engineering is expected to be the individual biggest part to renewable energy coevals for energy security and decarbonisation in the hereafter. [ 1, 3 ] However, sing that offshore air current engineerings are at the beginning of the commercial deployment phase, the current capital cost remains about twice expensive than cost of onshore air current engineerings. [ 4 ] Therefore, the uninterrupted authorities fiscal support and investing are important for the successful execution of our action program. The necessary supports chiefly include fiscal support to cut down undertaking cost and to minimise investing hazard. Furthermore, the authorities investing in seaward air current farm undertakings and grid betterment undertakings is necessary to accomplish the ER mark in 2025. i Financial support to cut down cost of offshore air current engineerings i Supporting R A ; D and Testing Facilities to develop cost effectual engineerings ( i.e. EMEC ) i Developing supply concatenation of the equipment and building ( i.e. National Renewables Infrastructure Fund ) i Financial support to minimise investing hazard i Supplying a stable and long term fiscal support mechanism to procure fundss for the offshore air current development ( i.e. ROCs, New Electricity Market Support Mechanism ) [ 18 ] i Direct investing from public fund i Taking an active function of the authorities in direct funding sing the ample needed loaning ( i.e. Green Investment Bank Fund ) i Supplying advanced funding mechanisms to fit the long term hazard and wages profile of renewable energy investings ( i.e. Green Energy Bonds/Green Energy ISAs ) i Investment on onshore grid betterment i Ensuring timely investing on the onshore transmittal web to present power generated from offshore air current farms 5. Grid Interconnection as Measures for Energy Supply Reliability As the intermittent nature of air current resources consequences in undependable energy supply, in general back up coevals installations and energy storage systems are required to utilize air current energy as the base burden electricity coevals system. [ 10 ] In add-on to the conventional steps ER will procure the dependable electricity supply by developing grid interconnectedness undertakings in North Sea. The supergrid such as grid interconnectedness with European Continent can be one of the solutions to equilibrate a variable and unpredictable coevals end product from offshore air current. [ 16 ] Harmonizing to NorthConnect [ 11 ] the planned grid connexion between Scotland and Norway is expected to heighten the electricity supply as the high incursion of air current coevals in the UK and Hydro coevals in Norway complements each other. The proposed supergrid in the North Sea will enable to associate the UK grid to renewable coevals dominant states such as Norway, Denmark and Germany with a entire transmittal capacity of 26GW. [ 2, 12, 15 ] Therefore, the electricity trading through the supergrid will assist non merely to better the electricity supply dependability but besides to accomplish the authorities renewable development mark in 2025. 6. Decision A assortment of researches province that the UK has the abundant seaward resources along with its coastline and in peculiar offshore air current resources with the entire practical potency capacity of 116GW. [ 1 ] Despite huge potency, it seems clear that there presently exist several drawbacks of offshore wind engineerings such as high capital cost, proficient restraint and intermittence nature. However, ER is convinced that our strong vision and believable action program on offshore air current farms will lend to accomplishing the authorities ‘s renewable energy development mark in 2025. Furthermore, the uninterrupted coaction with authorities, makers and developers will excite offshore wind farm development and contribute to maximising the value of the abundant offshore air current resource in the UK. aˆ? How to cite Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Newell free essay sample

These companies are suffering because they do not have major clients and there overhead costs are high. As Newell purchases these companies, they share their activities and costs with a major company reducing its cost and increasing revenue and profits. For this to work, they Newell’s needs to acquire companies with similar trades such as basic home and hardware products as they already have the client’s base to increase volume of sales. To further reduce the operating costs Newell also have strict control for the time the customers pay, this is within 30-45 days. They also have monthly meetings for avoid changes in there forecasted profits Newell transfers there skill such as technology and operation strategy to produce large amounts of the new acquired companies product and to assure they get delivered on time for their major clients. If there delivery is not on time, there penalties could get up to the value of profit there lost by not having the stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Newell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Newell have the technology and skill that they delivery and stock amount is almost 100%. So therefore they use the basic corporate strategy of port-folio management, restricting, transferring skill and sharing activities to develop a successful corporate-level strategy and add value to the business. WHAT ARE NEWELLS DISTINCTIVE RESOURCES? There reputation is highly important as they want to be known to have the best products on the market and always delivered on time. There delivery is always on time and always had the available stock on hand for there customers with their well invested computers and communication hardware to meet demands. There technology is very advanced and there major customers place 90% of their orders through Electronic Data Interchange There have a good eye for acquiring new companies that have potential to make a profit as well as having a vast range of product that the customers are interested in. These products are sold with their major product to reduce their fixed costs, produce more and get delivered on time WHAT CHALLENGES FACED THE COMPANY IN THE LATE 1990’S? There challenges were to increase their productivity and delivery systems as they had three major customers (e. g. Mass-Mart) to supply to. They needed to meet all their orders and be delivered on time as major penalties could be occurred. The customers also had price power which meant that Newell needed to be more cost efficient to make profit as there prices were reduced by the major customers. They did this by improving their computer systems as mentioned above. The acquisition of two large firms, Calphalon and Rubbermaid, was challenge. It was a change to make these two companies work in Newell’s firm as Calphalon had different product from what Newell normally produces and Rubbermaid was a large company, bigger than the companies that Newell normally deals with. IN THIS CONTEXT, DOES THE ACQUISITION OF CALPHALON MAKE SENSE? RUBBERMAID? I think that the Acquisition of Calphalon is good as it has a well-established store that produces upper market aluminium cookware, which is the similar to Newell’s products. Calphalon has a good client base that will allow Newell to sell their current products to these clients to expand their product sales. Calphalon shares the same strategy as Newell which makes this acquisition ideal. These strategies are to have good customer services, have quality in their products to satisfy clients. These two companies are brand orientated rather than product. On the other hand I think Rubbermaid acquisition is not that good as they are a major company that Newell normally do not acquire, the problem is not that it is a large company, the problem is that they are a large company facing losses and poor performance. This will become difficult for Newell to transfer there strategy and improve Rubbermaid’s performance.

Columbian Exchange Facts Essay Example

Columbian Exchange Facts Essay Example Columbian Exchange Facts Essay Columbian Exchange Facts Essay The Effects the Trade for New World Goods on Indigenous Relationships The European notion that the Americas had an overflow of untapped treasures and new world goods drove the development of labor in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The new world products were inclusive of commodities that had their origin from the Americas as the only source. These goods that were only found in the Americas were the cause of movements across the Atlantic Ocean by people from Eurasia and Africa. These new world products included maize, potatoes, cinchona tree (malaria therapy), tobacco, cacao, peanuts, sunflower, animals, slaves and of course diseases such as Syphilis. The motive to acquire these products led to the development of the Columbia exchange that apart from itself requiring much labor was a means of forcefully and cheaply acquiring much needed human labor from other accessible parts of the world like Africa. The resource-angry Europeans were short of labor to carry on with their quest for amassing the new world goods and therefore granted the America n natives the right to own both domestic and imported energy; a right popularly known those days as encomiendas. Bumpy rewards were in store for individuals who enabled high performances through their laborers. Columbian Exchange Effects Of all the good exchanged between the Americas and the other parts of the world, sugar was the most valuable, akin to the current worlds oil value. European conflicts arose in the struggle to establish and control sugar plantation in the Americas best sugar plantation regions. Tobacco also stood out to have great importance in this trade in the new world, where it was rather smoked a compared to the Americans use for medicinal and ritualistic purposes. Also of great value in the new world was cacao that was used to produce chocolate. Chocolate drinks known as xocolati was a ceremonial beverage among the Mesoamerican Indians and was used during marriages. This use, however, did not sink well with the Spaniards who viewed it as vile and named it the devils vomit; Apart from the crops, animals were also traded as new world goods. For instance, Christopher Columbus brought cows, pigs, horses and chicken to the Caribbean Islands on his second voyage. The new world animals also included sn akes and sloths that appeared bizarre to the Europeans. (Bresnahan; Gordon, 1997) Microbes were also unconsciously exchanged since they were small insignificant creatures with devastation effects on humans. Examples of infections that were acquired from the bacteria included smallpox, measles, and chickenpox. There was also the exchange of sexually transmitted infections (STI;s) like syphilis amongst the traders.; The labor offered under this kind of relationship was a rather full of slavery practice and was forceful to the natives. This exploitation could be seen in the bargaining tool of the conquest rulers who exposed the laborers to Catholicism instead. Being in such an exploitative kind of a relationship the American natives opted to exploit their rights and resist the colonialists rule and roles in the new world trade. Instead, they inclined to their old beliefs and systems instead of the early adopting Catholicism. Others were however adapted to portions of the new belief that had some sense and appeal in them. Effects of the Columbian Exchange The import of forced labor from other parts of the world in the context of the Columbian exchange came with violence especially brutality from the Spanish rulers. One Dominican friar named Las Casas had previously owned Indian slaves in the Americas. After witnessing the brutality that the encomenderos implicated on the natives he gave it up and sharply differed with other recipients of the encomiendas. Later in 1515 he started advocating for the kind regard and handling of the native laborers and slaves that led to the establishment of New Laws that were aimed at ending slavery and the encomiendas system.(Brands, Breen, Williams, Gross, 2016.) Although mostly discussed, Indians were not the only forced labor victims in the Americas. Africans also were victims of forced labor to the European rulers and were utilized in the production of tobacco, sugar and other cash crops for sale in the European markets. To justify the integration of Africans into enslavement, the Europeans viewed the as non-Christians and as a consequence, were completely and brutally denied the control of their lives. Any attempt of resistance to the forced labor and slavery was met with physical, mental and sexual violence from the Europeans; as a method to assert their status as master and superior. More involved in the trade for slave laborers across the Atlantic into the Americas were the Portuguese. The Portuguese had slave holder pens on the west coast of Africa like Ghanas Elmina Castle, after which the captured slaves were sold to the Spanish, English, and Dutch colonial inhabitants in the Americas to assist in the production of sugar for export. In the sugarcane plantation farms, the laborers could manually harvest and process large masses of sugarcane. The labor intensive methods involved in the production of sugar and the recycling of their byproducts into molasses was very dangerous to the unprotected manual laborers. According to Las Casas, by the year 1550, there were about fifty thousand enslaved workers in the Hispaniola owners section of the Americas. He recounts that this was the largest tragedy yet in the New Atlantic World. (New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange | US History I (OS Collection), 2016) Columbian Exchange Impact Effects of Labor Trade on the Indigenous Relations The transactions between the new world and the old world had various effects on the existing indigenous relationships. Previously before these developments there existed a deep connection to the indigenous people and their geographical territories, cultural and spiritual beliefs and aesthetical connections. Encroachment of colonial rulers and the Europeans into the Americas for New world goods could have caused an imbalance in the much-treasured coexistence of the American inhabitants. Spiritually, the Europeans forcefully introduced to the Americas the new practice of Catholicism against their wish to practice their belief. This new idea is viewed to have diluted the local spiritual relationships as other natives resorted to either fully adopting the new faith or adopting the practices of the new religion that suited them most. The crops and foods that were initially viewed by the local natives as of aesthetic and therapeutic value were later abused and new uses adopted due to these interactions. An example is the use of tobacco that was initially for medicinal purposes until the Europeans made a health-deteriorating smoking habit out of it. The import and use of forceful labor and slavery in the farms and crops plantations was against the cultural belief of the natives. This engagement and the encomiendas system introduced a concept of brutality, slavery, violence and greed for resources by to against the unifying indigenous culture in the Americas. The regard for human rights and values were also corroded due to the occurrence of such incidences within the transaction zones. Sacred beliefs by the natives were also mutilated by the engagement of the colonial traders in sexual and psychological violence. Columbian Exchange Significance The export of the locally produced crops and animals also led to the loss of their aesthetic value that comes with ownership and are viewed as a value of wealth. The import and export of labor from within the exchange led to the exchange of previously non-existent infections and diseases in both camps. The acquisition of measles, chickenpox, and smallpox are a direct consequence of the purchase of slaves used as laborers from the various parts of the world. The export and import activities were also of the positive effect the indigenous people. For instance, the Americas learned better ways of land use and discovered new and essential products from the old word. The new world goods were also further explored to identify better and more appropriate uses to the American inhabitants. It evident that at the first instance, the effects associated with the trade for new world goods and labor was grave and unbearable to the indigenous people. However, the effects waned over time and a multicultural, advanced and harmonious society developed within the Americas in the long run. The world also became more open to commodities and this market the beginning of a long standing trade revolution that has generally benefited worlds economy. References Brands, H., Breen, T., Williams, R., Gross, A. American Stories. New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange | US History I (OS Collection). (2016). Courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 22 October 2016, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ushistory1os2xmaster/chapter/new-worlds-in-the-americas-labor-commerce-and-the-columbian-exchange/ Bresnahan, T. Gordon, R. (1997).The economics of new goods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Summary of the Russian Civil War

Summary of the Russian Civil War Russia’s October Revolution of 1917 produced a civil war between the Bolshevik government – who had just seized power - and a number of rebel armies. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. Although most of the war was over by 1920, it took until 1922 for the Bolsheviks, who held the industrial heartland of Russia from the start, to crush all opposition. Origins of the War: Reds and Whites Form In 1917, after the second revolution in one year, the socialist Bolsheviks had seized command of Russia’s political heart. They dismissed the elected Constitutional Assembly at gunpoint and banned opposition politics; it was clear they wanted a dictatorship. However, there was still stiff opposition to the Bolsheviks, not least of which from the right-wing faction in the army; this began to form a unit of volunteers from hardcore anti-Bolsheviks in the Kuban Steppes. By June 1918 this force had survived great difficulties from the infamous Russian winter, fighting the ‘First Kuban Campaign’ or the ‘Ice March’, a near continuous battle and movement against the Reds that lasted over fifty days and saw their commander Kornilov (who may have attempted a coup in 1917) killed. They now came under the command of General Denikin. They became known as the ‘Whites’ in contrast to the Bolsheviks ‘Red Army’. On the news of Kornilovâ€⠄¢s death, Lenin announced: â€Å"It can be said with certainty that, in the main, the civil war has ended.† (Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, p. 22) He could not have been more wrong. Areas on the outskirts of the Russian empire took advantage of the chaos to declare independence and in 1918 almost the whole periphery of Russia was lost to the Bolsheviks by localized military revolts. The Bolsheviks stimulated further opposition when they signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. Although the Bolsheviks had gained some of their support by pledging to end the war, the terms of the peace treaty – which gave substantial land to Germany – caused those on the left wing who remained non-Bolshevik to split away. The Bolsheviks responded by expelling them from the Soviets and then targeted them with a secret police force. In addition, Lenin wanted a brutal civil war so he could sweep away the substantial opposition in one bloodletting. Further military opposition to the Bolsheviks also emerged from foreign forces. The Western powers in World War 1 were still fighting the conflict and hoped to restart the eastern front in order to draw German forces away from the west or even just stop the weak Soviet government allowing Germans free reign in the newly conquered Russian land. Later, the allies acted to try and secure the return of nationalized foreign investments and defend the new allies they’d made. Among those campaigning for a war effort was Winston Churchill. To do this the British, French and US landed a small expeditionary force at Murmansk and Archangel. In addition to these factions, the 40,000 strong Czechoslovak Legion, which had been fighting against Germany and Austria-Hungary for independence, was given permission to leave Russia via the eastern fringe of the former empire. However, when the Red Army ordered them to disarm after a brawl, the Legion resisted and seized control of local facilities including the vital Trans-Siberian Railway. The dates of these attacks – May 25th, 1918 – are often incorrectly called the start of the Civil War, but the Czech legion did swiftly take a large territory, especially when compared to the armies in World War 1, thanks to seizing almost the entire railway and with it access to vast areas of Russia. The Czechs decided to ally with anti-Bolshevik forces in the hope of fighting against Germany again. Anti-Bolshevik forces took advantage of the chaos to coalesce here and new White armies emerged. The Nature of the Reds and Whites The ‘Reds’ - the Bolshevik-dominated Red Army, which was hastily formed in 1918 - were clustered around the capital. Operating under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky, they had a uniform agenda, albeit one that as the war continued. They were fighting to retain control and keep Russia together. Trotsky and Bonch-Bruevich (a vital ex-Tsarist commander) pragmatically organized them along traditional military lines and used Tsarist officers, despite socialist complaints. The Tsar’s former elite joined in droves because, with their pensions canceled, they had little choice. Equally crucially, the Reds had access to the hub of the rail network and could move troops around quickly, and controlled the key supply regions for both men and material. With sixty million people, the Reds could muster greater numbers than their rivals. The Bolsheviks worked with other socialist groups like the Mensheviks and SRs when they needed to, and turned against them when the chance w as there. As a result, by the end of the civil war, the Reds were almost entirely Bolshevik. On the other hand, the Whites were far from being a unified force. They were, in practice, comprised of ad hoc groups opposed to both the Bolsheviks, and sometimes each other, and were outnumbered and overstretched thanks to controlling a smaller population over a huge area. Consequently, they failed to pull together in a unified front and were forced to operate independently. The Bolsheviks saw the war as a struggle between their workers and Russia’s upper and middle classes, and as a war of socialism against international capitalism. The Whites were loath to recognize land reforms, so didn’t convert the peasants to their cause, and were loath to recognize nationalist movements, so largely lost their support. The Whites were rooted in the old Tsarist and monarchical regime, while Russia’s masses had moved on. There were also the ‘Greens’. These were forces fighting, not for the reds of the whites, but after their own goals, like national independence – neither the Reds or Whites recognized breakaway regions - or for food and booty. There were also the ‘Blacks’, the Anarchists. The Civil War Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. The SRs created their own republic in Volga – ‘Komuch’, aided greatly by the Czech Legion - but their socialist army was beaten. An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. However, a coup led by Admiral Kolchak took it over, and he was proclaimed Supreme Ruler of Russia (he had no navy). However, Kolchak and his right-leaning officers were highly suspicious of any anti-Bolshevik socialists, and the latter were driven out. Kolchek then created a military dictatorship. Kolchak was not put in power by foreign allies as the Bolsheviks later claimed; they were actually against the coup. Japanese troops had also landed in the Far East, while in late 1918 the French arrived through the south in the Crimea and British in the Caucuses. The Don Cossacks, after initial problems, rose and seized control of their region and started pushing out. Their siege of Tsaritsyn (later known as Stalingrad) caused arguments between the Bolsheviks Stalin and Trotsky, an enmity which would greatly affect Russian history. Deniken, with his ‘Volunteer Army’ and the Kuban Cossacks, had great success with limited numbers against larger, but weaker, Soviet forces in the Caucasus and Kuban, destroying a whole Soviet army. This was achieved without allied aid. He then took Kharkov and Tsaritsyn, broke out into Ukraine, and began a general move north towards Moscow from across large parts of the south, providing the greatest threat to the Soviet capital of the war. At the start of 1919, the Reds attacked Ukraine, where rebel socialists and Ukrainian nationalists who wanted the region to be independent fought back. The situation soon broke down into rebel forces dominating some regions and the Reds, under a puppet Ukrainian leader, holding others. Border regions like Latvia and Lithuania turned into stalemates as Russia preferred to fight elsewhere. Kolchak and multiple armies attacked from the Urals towards the west, made some gains, got bogged down in the thawing snow, and were pushed well back beyond the mountains. There were battles in Ukraine and surrounding areas between other countries over territory. The Northwestern Army, under Yudenich – very skilled but very small - advanced out of the Baltic and threatened St. Petersburg before his ‘allied’ elements went their own way and disrupted the attack, which was pushed back and collapsed. Meanwhile, World War 1 had ended, and the European states engaged in foreign intervention suddenly found their key motivation had evaporated. France and Italy urged a major military intervention, Britain and the US much less. The Whites urged them to stay, claiming that the Reds were a major threat to Europe, but after a series of peace initiatives failed the European intervention was scaled back. However, weaponry and equipment were still imported to the Whites. The possible consequence of any serious military mission from the allies is still debated, and Allied supplies took a while to arrive, usually only playing a role later in the war. 1920: The Red Army Triumphant The White threat was at its greatest in October 1919 (Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, p. 195), but how great this threat was is debated. However, the Red Army had survived 1919 and had time to solidify and become effective. Kolchak, pushed out of Omsk and vital supply territory by the Reds, tried to establish himself at Irktusk, but his forces fell apart and, after resigning, he was arrested by left-leaning rebels he’d managed to totally alienate during his rule, given to the Reds, and executed. Other White gains were also driven back as the Reds took advantage of overreaching lines. Tens of thousands of Whites fled through the Crimea as Denikin and his army were pushed right back and morale collapsed, the commander himself fleeing abroad. A ‘Government of South Russia’ under Vrangel was formed in the region as the remainder fought on and advanced  out but were pushed back. More evacuations then took place: nearly 150,000 fled by sea, and the Bolsheviks shot tens of thousands of those left behind. Armed independence movements in the newly declared republics of Armenia,  Georgia, and Azerbaijan were crushed, and large portions added to the new USSR. The Czech Legion were allowed to travel east and evacuate by sea. The major failure of 1920 was the attack  on  Poland, which followed Polish attacks into disputed areas during 1919 and early 1920. The worker’s revolt the Reds were anticipating didn’t happen, and the Soviet army was ejected. The Civil War was effectively over by November 1920, although pockets of resistance struggled on for a few more years. The Reds were victorious. Now their Red Army and Cheka could focus on hunting down and eliminating the remaining traces of White Support. It took until 1922 for Japan to pull their troops out of the Far East. Between seven and ten million had died from war,  disease, and famine. All sides committed great atrocities. Aftermath The failure of the Whites in the civil war was caused in large part by their failure to unite, although because of Russia’s vast geography it’s hard to see how they ever could have provided a united front. They were also outnumbered and  outsupplied  by the Red Army, which had better communications. It’s also believed that the failure of the Whites to adopt a program of policies which would have appealed to the peasants – such as land reform – or the nationalists – such as independence – stopped them gaining any mass support. This failure allowed the Bolsheviks to establish themselves as rulers of the new, communist USSR, which would directly and substantially affect European – and world – history for decades. The Reds were by no means popular, but they were more popular than the conservative Whites thanks to land reform; by no means an effective government, but more effective than the Whites. The Red Terror of the Cheka was more effective than the White Terror, allowing a greater grip on their host population, stopping the sort of internal rebellion which might have fatally weakened the Reds. They outnumbered and outproduced their opponents thanks to holding the core of Russia, and could defeat their enemies piecemeal. The Russian economy was massively damaged, leading to Lenin’s pragmatic retreat into the market forces of the New Economic Policy. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were accepted as independent. The Bolsheviks has consolidated their power, with the party expanding, dissidents being quelled and institutions taking shape. Quite what effect the war had on the Bolsheviks, who started with a loose grip on Russia with little established, and ended firmly in charge, is debated. For many, the war happened so early in the lifespan of the Bolshevik’s rule that it had a massive effect, leading to the party’s willingness to coerce by violence, use highly centralized policies, dictatorship, and ‘summary justice’. A third of Communist party (the old Bolshevik party) members who joined in 1917 – 20 had fought in the war and gave the party an overall feeling of military command and unquestioned obedience to orders. The Reds were also able to tap into the Tsarist mindset to dominate.

Why does knowledge of different generic approaches to strategy matter Essay

Why does knowledge of different generic approaches to strategy matter - Essay Example For long term sustainable growth organizations need to follow a well charted out business plan which defines the strategy derived from organization’s vision and mission and transforms the strategy into business activities and actions in all departments including HR. Defining and designing strategy is a complex task. It is derived not only from the vision and mission of the company but various internal and external factors also need to be taken into account for developing an appropriate and well designed strategy. There are many different generic approaches to strategy. HR being considered a strategic partner, these approaches to strategy also has its implications on Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). This paper aims at studying the different approaches to strategy and their implications on SHRM. For the critical analysis of this issue it will make use of the recent literature as well as any empirical evidence available from the real world. Strategy and its Importance What is strategy? The above discussed definition of strategy is a very broad one. Defining the phenomenon of strategy is a difficult assignment. There are various ways in which the definition of strategy can be approached. Application of different approaches may yield conflicting results about how to act, yet each will be based on a reasoned and possible approach. Strategy itself can be based on four basic conceptions that is rational, fatalistic, pragmatic and relativist. Each concept will be suitable for a given set of internal and external environment (Goldman, 2006) . Only an effective strategy ensures sustained profitability and growth. Approaches of Strategy Today’s highly competitive world demands commitment to change and a clear and well defined direction charted out through strategy. There are four basic approaches to strategy namely Classical, evolutionary, processual and systematic (Whittington, 2001). These four approaches of strategy are mapped against some criti cal elements of strategy. These critical elements identified are leadership, decisions, planning, innovation, diversification, internationalization, organization and strategic change. Sloan influenced classical approach is driven by policy. It is authoritative and centralized in nature with major focus on economics only. It is rooted in the elitist mentality and hence an authoritative view of the world and the concerned issues. This approach does not encourage involvement by the workers and hence Human capital management is not emphasized. This classical approach sets long term targets and goals and it is believed that managers have the capability and the willingness to adopt and practice those profit maximizing strategies devised by them through rational long term planning. In short it is top down driven strategy with very minimal role or almost no role for SHRM. The concept behind evolutionary approach is that managers are free to adopt any method but in the long run only the top performers will survive. It is based on the theory of survival of the fittest hence named evolutionary approach. It is believed that achieving the best fit between internal and external factors can yield organizations profits in the short run whereas investing in the long range activities can be counterproductive. This theory is strictly against long term

Making a major Purchase Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making a major Purchase - Term Paper Example The need for shelter is a necessity. Such, individual has to buy a house at some time or another. The bigger question would be when and will it be right time to buy it. The act of purchasing a house is relatively infrequent and generally constitutes an individual or a family’s â€Å"single most important investment and expenditure (Levy et al., 2008 pg. 253). To make the analysis clearer in this case, let us assume that the buying decision to purchase will be made on cash. Buying on cash can also demonstrate clearly the economic principles behind making such decision or indecision. To illustrate further these economic principles, let us assume that the buyer is a typical middle class with a regular job and regular income that making a purchase would require a serious evaluation on his or her part. A house is a need. It shelters us from the vicissitudes of the weather and the inclemencies of the storm. It provides a place for rest and recreation where we can grow our families and live as a person. But before getting those benefits, we can consider what we have to give up. This consideration is very important because purchasing a house is the most expensive purchase that we will make. In addition, we have to be careful in letting go of our scarce resources especially that we are still in the process of recovery. The economy has to be considered in making that purchase. There are two things that should be considered before making that purchase; first, is the economic condition of the economy as this will determine the price of the house whether it is the time to make the purchase and this will also determine the individual’s capacity to pay. The economy is still in the process of recovering and it may be slow certainly not entering into a recession as observed by Fred Smith, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of FedEx Corp. (FDX) (Del Giudice, 2011).

Analysis of leadership and managerial effectiveness

Analysis of leadership and managerial effectiveness Leadership power, influence, path-builder and director. it can defined in many ways, but most commonly Leader is person who influences the thoughts and behaviors of others; a leaders is one who establishes the direction for others to willingly follow. One person can serve as a leader or several persons might share leadership. A person may be appointed as leader or may be elected by people within his circle. Leaders play vital role in standardizing performance. Leaders can influence other to perform beyond the expectations. Managers plan, organize, lead and control so that leading and managing are inseparable, they are both integral part of each other. If one cant influence and inspire others to work willingly towards aims then all planning and organizing will be ineffective. Similarly setting direction is usually not enough, no matter how inspiring one can be, management skills are crucial. Main characteristics of leadership:- Self Confidence- They have complete confidence in their judgment and ability. A vision- This is an idealized goal that proposes a future better than the status quo. The greater the disparity between idealized goal and the status quo, the more likely that followers will attribute extraordinary vision to the leader. 3.Ability to articulate the vision- They are able to clarify and state the vision in terms that are understandable to others. This articulation demonstrates an understanding of the followers needs and, hence acts as a motivating force. 4.Strong convictions about vision- Charismatic leaders are perceived as being strongly committed, and willing to take on high personal risk, incur high costs, and engage in self-sacrifice to achieve their vision. 5. Behavior that is out of the ordinary- Those with charisma engage in behavior that is perceived as being novel, unconventional, and counter to norms. When successful , these behaviors evoke surprise and admiration in followers. 6.Perceived as being a change agent- Charismatic leaders are perceived as agents of radical change rather than as caretakers of the status quo. 7. Environmental sensitivity- These leaders are able to make realistic assessments of the environmental constraints and resources needed to bring about change. Main objective of leadership:- 1- Begin with the End in Mind Clearly define AND communicate the objective; then lead unapologetically to its conclusion 2- There is no I in TEAM Team players have value and are contributors to a group effort; self promoters do not have value and steal from the group. Cultivate team players and cull self promoters 3- Develop an Institutional Memory Remember mistakes and the costs associated with fixing them or they will repeat themselves ad nauseum 4- Set a good example by being a good citizen at home, in your community and at work No business success will make up for being a lousy citizen 5- Control the environment effectively, without suppressing creativity flow Dont let the environment control you. 6- Do reward behavior you want repeated Behavior (and success) that is rewarded will increase in duration, intensity and frequency. 7- Dont reinforce and dont ignore behavior you want stopped Fear of conflict and avoidance of accountability will only lead to wide spreaddys function and more unwanted behavior. 8- Insure that a task is done right the first time The project and any hope for momentum will grind to a halt if the task has to be done over again 9- Hire Integrity over Skill:-Skills can be trained; but honesty, integrity, morals and trust can not 10- Serve others How may I help you? Should be asked early and often by and to every person in your organization. Earned loyalty through thoughtful service is the greatest ROI in business MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS :- Managerial Effectiveness is fast becoming a competitive advantage for organisations, especially in the context of high demand for and therefore, continuous migration of competent managers from one organisation to another Organisations therefore, have started investing in retaining competent managers and putting in place systems for developing new cadre of effective managers. It is in wake of these contextual factors that this programme on Managerial Effectiveness is being conducted. Managerial Effectiveness is often defined in terms of output what a manager achieves. This result oriented definition leads us to look for the factors that contribute towards the results. Studies find three factors to be responsible for the results that an organisation achieves through its managers. These are: (a) the efforts and ability of the managers, (b) the environment in which the managers and the organisation operates, and (c) the efforts and ability of the subordinates. Thus, the managers ability is the key element in achieving the desired results.This programme on Managerial Effectiveness focuses by and large on the managerial ability of Managing Self, Managing Subordinates Relationships (which can enhance subordinates ability), Managing Change and Decision Making (which requires the managers to understand the environment in which she/he and her/his organisation operates). Objective of managerial effectiveness:- 1. To develop and understanding of concept of managerial effectiveness. 2. To help the participants to understand the importance of team work and value of resolving the conflicts for developing effective relationship and work culture. 3. To enable the participant to develop specific skills such as team work and conflict management in order to enhance their contribution to the organisational growth. 4. To provide the participants an opportunity for sharing experiences and analysing managerial styles thereby, enabling them to meet the diverse needs of your te. Trait Theory Trait theory tries to describe the types of behavior and personality tendencies associated with effective leadership. In modern times, Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the forerunners of trait theory. Although trait theory has an intuitive appeal, difficulties may arise in proving its tenets, and opponents frequently challenge this approach. The strongest versions of trait theory see these leadership characteristics as innate, and accordingly label some people as born leaders due to their psychological makeup. On this reading of the theory, leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders from non-leaders, then training those with potential. In response to criticisms of the trait approach, researchers have begun to assess leader attributes using the leadership attribute pattern approach. Leader as a communicator the framing Framing is a way of communicating to shape meaning. Its a way for leaders to influence how others see and understand events. Selecting and highlighting one or more events while excluding others. It is the ability of the leader to influence others to act beyond their self interests Two contemporary theories of leadership with a common theme. 1. Charismatic leadership 2. Transformational leadership Charismatic Leadership The Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority. The searchlight of attention It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader working the room as they move from person to person. They pay much attention to the person they are talking to at any one moment, making that person feel like they are, for that time, the most important person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of attention in scanning and reading their environment, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and larger audiences. They then will hone their actions and words to suit the situation. Pulling all of the strings Charismatic Leaders use a wide range of methods to manage their image and, if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice assiduously at developing their skills. They may engender trust through visible self-sacrifice and taking personal risks in the name of their beliefs. They will show great confidence in their followers. They are very persuasive and make very effective use of body language as well as verbal language. Deliberate charisma is played out in a theatrical sense, where the leader is playing to the house to create a desired effect. They also make effective use of storytelling, including the use of symbolism and metaphor. Many politicians use a charismatic style, as they need to gather a large number of followers. If you want to increase your charisma, studying videos of their speeches and the way they interact with others is a great source of learning. Religious leaders, too, may well use charisma, as do cult leaders. Leading the team Charismatic Leaders, who are building a group, whether it is a political party, a cult or a business team, will often focus strongly on making the group very clear and distinct, separating it from other groups. They will then build the image of the group, in particular in the minds of their followers, as being far superior to all others. The Charismatic Leader will typically attach themselves firmly to the identify of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. In doing so, they create an unchallengeable position for themselves. Key characteristics of charismatic leadership Vision and articulation; Sensitivity to the environment; Sensitivity to member needs; Personal risk taking; Performing unconventional behavior Vision and articulations Has a vision Expressed as an idealized goal The goal proposes a future better than the status quo Is able to clarify the importance of the vision in terms that are understandable to others. Personal risk Willing to take on high personal risk Incur high costs Engage in self sacrifice to achieve the vision Sensitivity to followers needs Perspective of others abilities Responsive to others needs and feelings. Unconventional behavior Engages in behaviors in behaviors that are novel and counter to norms. Personality of charismatic leaders Extraverted Self confident Achievement oriented Articulate an over arching goal Communicate high performance expectations Empathize the needs of their followers Project a powerful confident and dynamic presence Captivating and engaging voice tone Three step process of becoming a charismatic leader An individual needs to develop an aura of charisma by maintaining an optimistic view, using passion as a catalyst for generating enthusiasm and communicating with the whole body, not just with words. .An individual draws others in by creating a bond that inspires others to follows. . An individual brings out the potential in followers by tapping into their emotions. Charismatic Leadership Issues People following these leaders will be exerting extra effort, express greater satisfaction. Charismatic effectiveness and situation Charisma works best when: The followers task has an ideological component There is a lot of stress and uncertainty in the environment The leader is at the upper level of the organization Followers have low self-esteem and self-worth Dark Side of Charisma Ego-driven charismatic allow their self-interest and personal goals to override the organizations goals Very effective leaders who possess the four typical leadership traits: Individual competency Team skills Managerial competence Ability to stimulate others to high performance Plus one critical new traità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A blend of personal humility and professional will Personal ego-needs are focused toward building a great company Take responsibility for failures and give credit to others for successes Prided them on developing strong leaders inside the firm who could direct the company to greater heights after they were gone. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Abstract It is argued that the fate of any society is determined by the quality of its leadership. This discusses the various managerial styles with the aim of buttressing the role of leadership in attaining organizational goals and objectives. This relies on extensive review of literature and employs content analysis of managerial leadership styles. This reveals that the correct style of leadership depends on: nature of the job; preference of the followers; the leaders attitude and the situation at a point in time. However, emerging economies are bereft of good and effective leadership in all fields of human Endeavours due to self-aggrandizements. Therefore, they recommends that: leaders should be made to be accountable for their stewardships both when in office and afterwards; and there should be general social re-orientation, for people to be honest, God fearing and to remember the day of reckoning when they will be asked to account for their deeds in this world. Gibb (1954) According to him leadership is the exercise of power and authority in collectivity; such as groups, organizations, communities of nations. This power can be addressed to any of the three very general and related functions: establishing the goals, purposes or objectives of the collectivity. This implies that exercise of authority involves making things happen though others. In achieving such purpose, leaders may engage in any of the following activities: coordinating, controlling, directing, guiding or mobilizing the efforts of others. Conclusion:- He suggested that the leader is a person who always suggested that leadership is the quality that a leader can act as a manager in performing all managerial function as well as with power and authority he can easily manage the things. Fielder (1967):- He defines leadership effectiveness as success of the leader in achieving the organizations goals. To be effective, the leader must help individuals in the group to satisfy their needs; for instance by giving responsibility to those with high power needs, close involvement to those with high inclusion needs and so on. Therefore, the most effective leaders are capable of dealing with the groups problem that depends on leaders ability to persuade his followers, which in turn depends largely on how much power he possesses. Conclusion:- Manager includes leadership qualities to achieve the organizational goals. They help individual in group to satisfy all the organizational needs. Weick 1979, Kiesler and Sproull 1982, Streufert and Swezey 1986:- This model is one of few that allows for an empirical test of some of the central ideas developed by the paradox perspective. There study also contrasts the recent emphasis on cognitive complexity in the organizational literature with the relative lack of attention given to behavioral complexity. Cognitive complexity, the paper argues, may well be a necessary condition for the effective practice of leadership. Behavioral complexity, however, must certainly be the sufficient condition. Conclusion:- Leadership must inevitably be performed through action, not cognition, and it would thus appear to be time for leadership researchers to begin to develop theories of behavioral as well as cognitive complexity. Burke and Day (1986) They applied meta-analysis to available managerial training and development studies to determine the types of management training that were effective, to what degree they were effective, and the relative effectiveness of the different training methods in improving learning or the acquisition of skills. The meta-analysis conducted by Burke and Day is commonly regarded as the principal empirical support for the effectiveness of managerial training and leadership development programs. Burke and Day (1986) incorporated the following training content areas in their analysis: general management, human relations, and self-awareness, problem solving/decision making, rater training, and motivation/values. Descriptions of those content areas were as follows: 1) General management training taught facts, concepts, and skills and included training topics such as labor relations, a broad focus on management theory and practice, company policies and procedures, labor economics, and general management functions. 2) Training in the human relations content area focused on the human relations problems of leadership, supervision, attitude toward employees, and communications. 3) Studies that were coded into the self-awareness training content area involved the understanding of ones behavior, how others view ones behavior, and learning ones strengths and weaknesses. Examples in the self-awareness content area were sensitivity training and transactional analysis. 4) Problem solving training included studies with a wide range of work problems that managers encounter including generalized problem solving and decision making skills. 5) Rater training programs taught participants to minimize errors in observing and evaluating subordinates. 6) Motivation/values training included programs designed to increase the managers motivation and modify managers values or attitudes. Conclusion:- He used organizational variables as outcome criteria. Some studies in their research had mixed results in demonstrating that managerial leadership development programs enhanced individual, group, and/or organizational effectiveness. Yukl (1989):- He described the status of the field of leadership as being in a state of ferment and confusion. Most of the theories are beset with conceptual weaknesses and lack strong empirical support. Several thousand empirical studies have been conducted on leadership effectiveness, but most of the results are contradictory and inconclusiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The confused state of the field can be attributed in large part to the disparity of approaches, the narrow focus of most researches, and the absence of broad theories that integrate findings from the different approaches. Conclusion:- The status of the field of leadership is in a state on ferment and confusion. Leadership is necessary for the manager to perform affectively within an organization by integrating different approaches. This helps in applying different approaches results in better managerial performance by possessing better leadership qualities. (Bass and Avolio, 1993) He proposed another type of leadership which is known as transactional leadership, which is e. Instead of being communal, the emphasis is on individuals or small groups of employees within organizations or businesses who vie for favored status with a manager. Cooperation occurs through negotiations and loyalty is bought with reward to individuals. In these cases, some employees demonstrate little or no commitment to the organizations mission or vision, and cooperation is the result of negotiations. This model emphasizes marginal improvements in performance based on exchange relationships with subordinates. Conclusion: leadership is a systematic relationship where no leader leads without followers. To measure leadership effectiveness, Avolio believed that the focus should be less on what the leader does and more on what the followers do. This committed to a full range of leadership. Fleishman et al. (1991) developed taxonomy of descriptive leader behaviors from 65 authors, which provided a systematic definition of leadership behavior for use in designing leadership development interventions. The major approaches to leadership study were identified as the power-influence approach, managerial behavior approach, trait approach, situational approach (nine different ones including path-goal, situational leadership, contingency theory, and leader-member exchange) and transformational or charismatic leadership (Yukl, 1989) Conclusion: he explained the different leader behaviours and different approaches applied to leadership study. Sourcie (1994) He states, Managerial leadership is indeed a subtle mixture of formal authority, skills, knowledge, information, intelligence, courage, tenacity, instinct and hard work. As individuals rise to higher levels of formal leadership in organizations, the balance between leader and manager behavior shifts, but there are very few instances where a person can develop leadership skills without also being competent at managerial functions. Conclusion:- There should be a balance between leader and managerial behaviour. To enhance leadership styles sometimes becomes at the managerial level in performing different functions of management. Chen (1994) He used meta-analytic procedures to describe and statistically integrate 25 studies from the empirical literature regarding the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers. A great majority of the studies (88%) used control group design. Chens meta-analysis produced a highly significant average effect size (1.60) for the comparisons between those who received cross-cultural training and those who did not, indicating that the average trainee was 1.60 standard deviation higher than controls on the cross-cultural training effectiveness measures. Chen discovered that control group studies produced lower effect sizes than single group pretest-posttest studies. Chen also found that the longer the time between cross-cultural training and the measurement of training effectiveness, the less effective the training was judged to be by the primary study participants, with almost 56% of the variability in effect size magnitude caused by the time of outcome measurement. Conclusion:- The results of Chens meta-analysis did not conclude that any certain type of cross-cultural training program was more effective than another one as he generally impact the effectiveness of cross-cultural training for managers. Brungardt, 1996 He suggested the that leadership development efforts will result in improved leadership skills appears to be taken for granted by many corporations, professional management associations, and consultants. In essence, many companies naively assume that leadership development efforts improve organizational efforts. Leadership development is defined as every form of growth or stage of development in the life cycle that promotes, encourages, and assists the expansion of knowledge and expertise required to optimize ones leadership potential and performance. Conclusion:- Leadership development will leads to the improvement leadership skills with in the corporations, to improve the organizational efforts by developing their employees. McCall (1998):- Managerial leadership development through on-the-job experiences has emerged as a powerful source of learning. He believed that on-the-job experiences were the primary classrooms for the development of leadership skills. These developmental jobs provide transitions that put the manager into new situations with unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks where they create change and build relationships (Brutus, Ruderman, Ohlott, McCauley, 2000; McCall, Lombardo, Morrison, 1988; McCauley Brutus, 1998). According to McCall, et al. (1988), most 31 developments of successful business leaders took place on the job and not in seminars, classrooms, and MBA programs. Additional literature regarding on-the-job experiences will be cited in the Leadership Development. Conclusion:- He explained that the managerial leadership development through on-the job experiences. It develops leadership skills with in a manager to enhance their skills. It helps them in handling unfamiliar responsibilities and tasks in which they can easily make changes. Driggs (1999):- He emphasized that outcomes can be encapsulated as the awareness of the importance of organizational motivation and understanding, the flexibility to adapt to individual organizational needs, the openness to encourage continuing discussion and interchange, and a readiness to continue learning. Examples of outcomes in the current literature were improved subordinate and human relationships, improved knowledge skills and attitudes, improved trainee leadership and group effectiveness, improved decision-making style, sensitization of trainees to their management role, and development of a shared personal and organizational vision. Conclusion:- He explained that managerial effectiveness is analysed by motivating and understanding the organization needs by improved trainee leadership. Aurelio M. Montemayor, M.Ed:- He defines leadership as the individual qualities of assertiveness and ambition that shine through a charismatic individual. Leadership means collective commitment to progress wise and tough actions that create new systemic regularities in our institutions of education. It means constructing a seamless pipeline for all our children from preschool years to completing collegeIt means institutions and communities work for the greater good of our world. Conclusion:- Leadership leads to progress which help in regulating our institutions of education. They generally work for the greater good of our world. Swanson Holton, 1999:- The Results Assessment System was used in this research to analyze the outcomes of leadership development studies from both a learning and performance perspective. The Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) enables practitioners to measure results within three domains: performance, learning, and perception, each of which has two options. Performance results are either system or financial results. System results are defined as the units of mission-related outputs in the form of goods and/or services having value to the customer and that are related to the core organizational, work processes, and group or individual contributors in the organization. Financial results are defined as the conversion of the output units of goods and/or services attributable to the intervention into money and financial interpretation. Performance-level assessment requires that mission-related performance outcomes be connected to the mission of the system (Swanson Holton, 1999). Performance outcomes typically are assessed in terms of being counted or time taken to produce the units of goods or services. Swanson and Holton clarified that performance outcomes are classified in terms of the performance levels at the whole system level (organization), the work processes within the system (subsystem), or the contributor level (individuals or intact work groups). According to Swanson and Holton, within the performance domain, a complex organization can have a variety of performance outcomes but a unit of performance must be selected as the focal point of the assessment. Learning results as defined by the Results Assessment System (Swanson Holton, 1999) are delineated into expertise or knowledge results. Expertise results are defined as human behaviors having effective results and optimal efficiency, acquired through study and experience within a specialized domain. Human expertise is the most complex of learning results. The premise is that people with expertise have knowledge and are able to act on that knowledge (Swanson Holton, 1999). Measuring human expertise requires that an individual demonstrate his or her behavior in a real or simulated setting. Conclusion:- Knowledge results are defined as mental achievement acquired through study and experience (Swanson Holton, 1999,). Swanson and Holton believed that knowledge, an intellectual or cognitive result of learning experiences, was the basic learning result of an intervention. Measures of knowledge confirmed the level of knowledge held by individuals within a particular subject area. Zhang (1999) He applied meta-analysis procedures to experimental evaluation studies to find out the magnitude of the effect of management training from 1983-1997 on trainees learning, job performance, and organization results. The study followed Burke and Days coding criteria and included forty-seven empirical studies on training for managerial personnel in business and industry and in education. Zhang included experimental and quasi-experimental studies, most of which were found in journal articles, while one-third were doctoral dissertations. The results indicated that evaluation was being conducted beyond the reaction and learning levels. Zhangs research produced a .47 effect size for studies with knowledge-subjective outcomes, .80 for knowledge-24 objective, .50 for expertise-subjective and .49 for studies with system-objective outcomes. A major finding was that management training made a significant difference in trainees learning when self-efficacy and various knowledge tests measured the o utcomes. A human relations leadership program made a significant difference in trainees job performance when performance appraisal instruments measured their on the- job behavior. Management training programs were effective when measured by subjective result criterion, such as employees commitment to the organization and job satisfaction. There was a significant difference in the training effect measured by objective organization result criterion, such as job accuracy, turnover and productivity. Conclusion:- He recommended that more quantitative reviews be conducted using meta-analysis to accumulate quantitative data of training effectiveness across studies and that more high quality empirical studies are conducted. It also concluded that measurement of organization results outcomes needed more research in which the organizational indicators that are most relevant to training are prioritized. Lynham, 2000:- The nature of management and leadership has changed significantly and organizations are experiencing an increased number of outcome-based demands on their time and resources. Organizations also are committing to an increased number of managerial leadership development interventions and take for granted that those interventions enhance their organizations effectiveness. But, there remains a void as to what is known about managerial leadership development and the contribution of managerial leadership development interventions to individual knowledge and expertise as well as organizational performance. Conclusion:- Interventions results in enhancing organisations effectiveness this leads to development interventions for individual knowledge and expertise. Interventions results in better managerial effectiveness. Friedm